Doctoral Degrees (Afrikaans and Dutch)

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'n Direkte vertaling versus 'n abbavertaling met verwysing na kulturele oordrag
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014-04) Steyn, Johanna E. T.; Feinauer, A. E.; Du Toit, Catherine; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Most Afrikaans novels that are translated into French are piggyback or relay translations, which means translations of translations. Although piggyback translations have been done since the earliest times and are still being done, they are at best seen as a necessary evil and little research is done on this phenomenon – in fact so little that there is not even a uniform term among scholars to refer to this practice. Translation is the ideal space for different cultures to meet and interact, especially when the translation strategy is to foreignise by retaining cultural elements form the source culture in the translated text. Each translation is however adapted to a certain extent to its own target culture in order for the target public to have a better understanding of the text. When a translator works directly with the source text, he is in control about the way in which cultural references will be conveyed and explained to the target public. In the case of a piggyback translation the translator has to translate a “source text” that has already been adapted, or not, for a specific target public. The piggyback translator has to deal with a text where some cultural references might have been retained and others not. If the piggyback translator has no first-hand knowledge of the source culture, it means that he will not be able to distinguish which references have been adapted, nor to what extent they have been adapted. This study is an investigation into the French translations of two novels by Etienne van Heerden, namely Toorberg and Die swye van Mario Salviati. Le Domaine de Toorberg is a piggyback translation of Toorberg and Un long silence has been translated directly from the Afrikaans source text. The aim is to determine in which of the two French translations cultural transfer was the most successful. In translation studies great emphasis is placed on the fact that translators should not only be bilingual, but also bicultural, which means that the translator should understand both source and target cultures. In the case of the direct translation investigated here, the translator is not only bilingual, but he shows a South African and French biculturality. In the case of the piggyback translation however, the translator’s cultures are French and North American. This means that the piggyback translator has no first-hand knowledge of the source culture with the result that the cultural references are unknown to her. I hope to determine through this study whether piggyback translations are a viable method to present Afrikaans novels to (in this case) French readers and if not, whether alternative methods should be investigated, for example using translators who do not necessarily translate into their first language, as often suggested in translation studies.
Die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans : 'n praktiese benadering met die AWS as gevallestudie
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012-12) Odendaal, Beatrix Gertruida; Feinauer, A. E.; Alexander, N. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study comprises an investigation into the restandardisation of Afrikaans. Since the 1980s, there have been various calls from the Afrikaans speech community for the democratisation of Afrikaans by making it representative of the whole Afrikaans speech community. Despite these calls for the restandardisation of Afrikaans, a matter which has been brought to the fore in recent years, there are still no real theoretically-based and practical suggestions for such a project. The practical approach to the restandardisation of Afrikaans suggested in this study, with a specific focus on the restandardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, informs the suggestion of a model by which such a planned restandardisation programme for Afrikaans could be carried out. This is done based on existing theories of standardisation and restandardisation, as well as a thorough investigation into the history of the standardisation of Afrikaans in order to determine the reasons underlying this need for its restandardisation. Firstly, relevant theories of standardisation are considered in order to determine which aspects of language standardisation give rise to restandardisation and play the most important role in it. The history of the standardisation of Afrikaans is also considered, in order to indicate the factors which gave rise to the calls for the restandardisation of Afrikaans. The world-wide phenomenon of destandardisation – an increasing trend by which the validity of standardised languages is called into question – is subsequently considered. Following this, restandardisation is considered in greater detail. Although the term is used widely, there are not yet thorough theoretical descriptions of the nature of the process itself. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical consideration of what restandardisation comprises. An investigation into various examples of attempts at the restandardisation of languages in South Africa, Africa, and the rest of the world serves as a backdrop against which the need for the restandardisation of Afrikaans is discussed. The standardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, as outlined in the ten issues of the Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls (“Afrikaans word list and spelling rules”) which have been published to date, is the next research focus. The purpose of this critical evaluation of the primary source for orthographic standardisation of Afrikaans is to point out the weaknesses in the current standardisation process which necessitate a new approach to the standardisation of Afrikaans (and by extension, its restandardisation). Finally, a model is presented for the restandardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, but also Afrikaans as a whole, based on various theoretical and practical considerations contained in the study.
Identifying and improving reading comprehension in the translation process : a visualisation approach
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2017-12) Nwachukwu, Jeremiah Felix; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The experiment described in this dissertation is based on three basic assumptions, all of which were derived from research findings providing explanations relevant to the requirements of translation as performance process (Lörscher 2005; Wolf 2017). The first assumption is the obvious fact that “success in translation is predicated upon an ability to operate literately in more than one language” (Malmkjær 2004:4). This at least underscores the continuous relevance of translation in second-language learning and vice versa. The second has to do with the recent general acceptance among translation scholars that the type of reading involved in translation is more challenging than the one meant for other forms of communication (Jakobsen & Jansen 2008; Scott 2012:15; Boase-Beier 2014:214). Finally, considering the special nature of reading for translation, it has become expedient to identify certain skills that can enhance source-text (ST) comprehension in translation and to teach these skills to trainee translators (Hurtado Albir, Alves, Englund Dimitrova & Lacruz 2015:17). The methodology of the present study involved the recruitment of 14 students of French who were divided into two groups of seven each. Group A members initially received training on the use of Sowa’s (1984) conceptual graphs (CG) formalism in the analysis of selected news articles for the purpose of translation. CG is a visualised graph grammar derived from a phrase-structure grammar. The rationale behind the use of this formalism was based on the relationship identified between CG and the cognitive linguistic principle of flexibility and the dynamic nature of language as a meaning-making tool to enhance text visualisation. The experimental process involved the participants reading a ST written in French, answering a number of text-comprehension questions about it and translating the text. The performance of these tasks was monitored with the aid of Flashback®, a screen-recording software program that performs video and audio recordings of both on-screen and off-screen activities in order to examine how the performance of one group differs from that of another. The analysis was based on three research questions and seven hypotheses, which compared the two groups on the quality of ST comprehension in their translations, task time and dictionary use. A visualised presentation of the results reveals outcomes indicative of an overall tendency towards better ST-comprehension performance by Group A than by Group B. Tasktime results show that the group trained in the use of CG completed the experimental tasks relatively quicker than the other group. On dictionary use, a review of the process data shows that the untrained group had more dictionary lookups than the group trained in text visualisation. The conclusion is that, since training might hold a key to the development of expert tendencies in student translators, the use of text visualisation as a tool is advocated.
Om te skryf deur te vertaal en te vertaal deur te skryf : Antjie Krog as skrywer/vertaler
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) Vosloo, Frances Antoinette; Feinauer, A. E.; Viljoen, Louise; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation explores Antjie Krog as translator within the Afrikaans and English literary field in South Africa. The focus of the study is primarily on Krog’s translation of her own work, namely her prose works Country of my skull and A change of tongue/’n Ander tongval, and poetry Down to my last skin, die sterre sê ‘tsau’/the stars say ‘tsau’ and Verweerskrif/Body bereft. Although Krog is also renowned for her work as translator of others’ work, the concept self translation is particularly relevant for this study: to write through translation and translate through writing. The study has a dual objective: on a polysystemic level Krog’s position and status as translator and that of her translation products within the Afrikaans and English literary field in South Africa is researched; on a sociocultural level Bourdieu’s concept habitus is employed in order to explore the underlying force behind Krog’s translation process. The focus throughout is on Krog’s double writing, the overlapping of the act of writing and the act of translating as it resonates on textual and metatextual level. Although a Bourdieusian reading of translations is a relatively unexplored terrain in the South African translation field, this study aims to add fresh insights into a dispositional view of the translator in his or her space within the literary field. In the course of this study philosophical concepts of Deleuze and Guattari, Kristeva and Bhabha are employed. Deleuze and Guattari’s concept minor literature is employed insofar the act of translation and the translation product reflects a different subjectivity. Kristeva’s concept the abject is likewise explored in the way it is reflected in Krog’s writing and translating. In the end it is argued that Krog, when writing in her non-mother tongue and when translating, is situated in a hybrid space, an in-between space. This study thus shifts from a polysystemic analysis of Krog’s translation products to a more individual approach and the notion that Krog’s habitus as writer is inextricably linked to her habitus as translator; that translation is an embodied process.
'n Ondersoek na die seleksie en funksie van internasionale kinderboeke wat in Afrikaans vertaal is vir die tydperk 1990-2018
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2020-03) Williams, Anzette; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Afrikaans translations from international source texts are an important part of the Afrikaans children’s book industry. Afrikaans children’s book publishers regard the translation of international children’s books as an economically viable publication option to fill the gaps in local book production. Although many international children’s books are on offer, only a handful of these books are translated into Afrikaans. This research aims to investigate local and international power relations at play in die selection of international children’s books for translation into Afrikaans for the period 1990-2018 and the function of these translations in the Afrikaans target culture. The study unfolds in two stages. Firstly, by means of an analysis of an inventory of international children’s books that were translated into Afrikaans during the period 1990-2018. The inventory has been compiled especially for this research project. Secondly, by means of an analysis of interviews conducted with the most prominent publishers of translated international children’s literature in Afrikaans. The inventory of translated international children’s books indicates which books have been selected for translation into Afrikaans during the period 1990-2018. An analysis of the inventory also reveals broad selection trends. These selection trends indicate which gaps in local Afrikaans children’s book production are filled by translations and also provide information about the publishers involved in the translation of international children’s books into Afrikaans. Interviews with the most prominent publishers of translated international children’s books provide insights into the ideological power relations that influence the selection process. These are poetics, translation norms, the habitus of the publisher, and local and international political and ideological power relations. These power relations can either act as constraints or as incentives in the selection process. This research primarily aims to contribute to studies in translated Afrikaans children’s literature in South Africa and to provide insight into the ideological power relations that influence the selection of international children’s books for translation into Afrikaans and the function of these translations in the Afrikaans target culture. The inventory of translated Afrikaans children’s books of international origin for the period 1990-2018 also fills an important gap in publication statistics.
Die ontwerp van vertalende vakwoordeboeke met vertalers as teikengebruikers : 'n teoretiese model
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011-03) Potgieter, Liezl; Feinauer, A. E.; Gouws, R. H.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel woordeboeke op spesifieke teikengebruikers gerig is, het die leksikografie slegs 'n baie beperkte bydrae gelewer om hulpmiddels vir vertalers te ontwikkel. Veral die bestaande vakwoordeboeke gee min blyke van 'n teoretiese fundering en nog minder van 'n erkenning van die behoeftes van een van die tipiese gebruikersgroepe, te wete die professionele vertaler. Vertalers is 'n gebruikersgroep met eiesoortige behoeftes en benodig woordeboeke wat spesifiek op hierdie behoeftes gerig is. In hierdie proefskrif word daar eerstens aandag gegee aan die ontwikkeling van die leksikografie met spesifieke verwysing na die vakleksikografie en die belangrikste rolspelers op hierdie gebied sowel as aan die ontwikkeling van die vertaalteorie wat insluit die linguistiese, tekslinguistiese en funksionalistiese benaderings tot vertaling en die onderskeie rolspelers binne elk van die benaderings. Daar word ook gekyk na die probleem van ekwivalensie binne die vertaalteorie sowel as binne die leksikografie. Daarna word daar gekyk na die woordeboekgebruiker, die gebruikersperspektief en die verskillende woordeboekfunksies wat tydens die beplanning en samestelling van woordeboeke in gedagte gehou en in ag geneem moet word. Daar word vervolgens aandag gegee aan vertalers as woordeboekgebruikers en daar word aangedui watter soort probleme vertalers met bestaande vertalende vakwoordeboeke het. Daarna word die fokus geplaas op die leksikografiese behoeftes van en vereistes wat professionele vertalers aan vertalende vakwoordeboeke stel. Laastens word 'n teoreties gefundeerde model ontwikkel vir die beplanning en opstel van vertalende vakwoordeboeke wat aan 'n wye reeks eiesoortige probleme aandag gee en aan die spesifieke behoeftes van professionele vertalers voldoen.
Die produksienetwerk van 'n getolkte lesing binne die universiteitskonteks : 'n etnografiese ondersoek
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2020-03) Brewis, Carmen; Feinauer, A. E.; Van Doorslaer, Luc; Lesch, Harold M.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Spoken educational interpreting is an innovative mode of communication that is used in some tertiary institutions in South Africa. However, very little is known about the process of an interpreted university lecture, what it entails, and what educational interpreters do and experience from moment to moment. The current study was undertaken to, through a social theory of translation, gain a deeper understanding of the manufacturing process of an interpreted (spoken language) university lecture, and of the interaction between the actors involved in the production process. The study was process-orientated and made use of actor-network theory (ANT) and an ethnographic research strategy in order to gain an insider’s perspective into the lived reality of interpreting in an educational context. The epistemology of ANT allowed for investigating not only the interrelatedness between human actors such as lecturers, interpreters, and the users of the interpreting service, but also the role of the nonhuman actors in the process, e.g. the subject matter of a lecture, the interpreting equipment, the teaching aids in the classroom, and the material environment. The data consisted of a main and an additional corpus. As part of the main corpus, three interpreted lectures were filmed and recorded, and interviews were conducted with the lecturers, interpreters and users of the interpreting service. The recordings of the lectures and the interviews were transcribed and studied, together with various pieces of visual and textual data collected. As part of the additional corpus, fieldwork was conducted in 61 interpreted lectures, field notes made, and data in various forms collected and studied. In line with the tenets of ANT, a detailed description was reported of the various processes and interactions that were observed during data collection. The data showed that the interpreting product is the result of a process of network formation. Within these networks, the interpreter is not the exclusive locus of action but is enacted by multiple human and non-human actors. It became evident that actors external to the lecture and associated within strong network formations, e.g. the 2016 Language Policy, played an important role in determining interpreters’ alignment and actions during the lecture. The interpreting timetable further emerged as a vital actor that has to supply oxygen to the rest of the educational interpreting network and determines the role that interpreters can and do play. A central finding of the study was that the interpreters are not reliably and securely aligned within the institution’s networks. Within the lecture itself, the interpreters are only sporadically and partially aligned, and are not effectively integrated into the learning opportunity. As a result, interpreters have little agency or power, and are unable to consistently interpret subject-specific texts as skilled and knowledgeable agents who enhance the learning experience. It emerged from the data that the interpreters have, due to misalignment with the wider networks, configured themselves in separate and isolated networks. For interpreting to function as a vital actor in the institutional network and as an actor with indisputable value as a mechanism in multilingual education, the interpreters must be aligned within networks more seamlessly and more securely. These interpreters should be equipped for the real-life contact situations in which they work; not by limiting their actions through prescriptive norms but by providing them with enough flexibility and agency to make ethical and responsible decisions, enabling them to play a meaningful role in the teaching and learning process. Recommendations based on these findings include a re-alignment of the entire interpreting network, from the intimate spotlight in the lecture where the interpreters have to formulate each individual utterance, all the way up to the institutional level. The study proved the value of actornetwork theory in investigations into the social reality of the translator/interpreter as an agent and led to a deeper understanding of translation/interpreting as a phenomenon and as an object of study.
Two English translations of the Chinese epic novel Sanguo yanyi : a descriptive and functionalist study
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012-12) Feng, Lei; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This comparative study investigates the English translations of China’s first novel, Sanguo yanyi. The focus is firstly on describing the factors that affect the production of each of the translations and secondly on identifying and determining the approaches and strategies used by the two translators. The primary objective of the study is to gain a better understanding of literary translation between two distinctly different languages by objectively describing and analyzing the factors relevant to the production of the two translations. The secondary objective is to evaluate the two translations by using the functionalist approach to translation. To this end, the study determines which of the two translations better serves the purpose of providing South African students of Chinese with insight into and appreciation of some aspects of Chinese culture which would enhance their Chinese studies. The key theories and models that are introduced and applied are Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS), which was mainly established by Gideon Toury in the 1980s and the Functionalist Approach, which was established by Vermeer and Reiss also in the 1980s and further developed by Nord. DTS focuses on pragmatic aspects, such as social, cultural and communicative practices instead of only on linguistic units. Within this framework, decisionmaking processes and translational norms of the two translators of Sanguo yanyi are examined. Three representative chapters of the source text and their translations are selected as the focus of the investigation. Furthermore, a description of the entire translation process is provided – from the translators’ original planning and agents acting as patrons of the project to the approaches and strategies that the translators are considered to have adopted in the process of translating. Within Functionalism the function of the target text in the target culture determines which aspects of the source text should be transferred to the target text. From this theoretical approach the findings regarding the translation strategies and processes in the translations of Sanguo yanyi are used to ultimately determine the extent to which the translators succeed in conveying the collective memory of some of the cultural-historical issues in China to the target texts, while at the same time making the texts accessible to Western (South African) students.
Vertaling en die kindervers : ’n vergelykende studie van Afrikaanse en Franse vertalings
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012-12) Fouche, Marietjie; Feinauer, A. E.; Du Toit, M. C. K.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Few people realize exactly how complicated the translation of children’s poetry is. Translators do not only have to adhere to the young readers’ desires and satisfy the adult critics, but are constantly confronted with choices concerning the translation of the ‘play-element’ (structure) and the ‘visual element’ (content) of children’s verses, i.e. the translation of cultural elements, figurative language, pun, nonce words, onomatopoeia, alliteration, rhyme and meter. In addition, their translation strategies are continually subjective to and restricted by the visual text (illustrations) in the source texts, which interrelate with the verbal text (verses). In this descriptive, systematic analysis the Afrikaans and French translations of Mother Goose’s nursery rhymes, Dr. Seuss’s rhyming picture books and Roald Dahl’s verse fragments are compared to one another and the source texts in order to identify the various translation strategies and theoretical translation approaches used by the various Afrikaans and French translators, to make concrete observations about the translation of children’s poetry that can be useful for translators, and to establish if it is indeed possible to create translations of children’s verses that remain true to the ‘spirit’ of the original poetic texts, can function as autonomous texts in the target system, and that can supplement the Afrikaans and French children’s literature systems. __________________________________________________________________________
Die wisselwerking tussen die agente betrokke by die publikasieproses van literere vertalings
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013-03) Spies, Carla-Marie; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation two relatively under-researched areas within the scope of translation studies are investigated: the production process of translations and the sociological and cognitive aspects involved in this production process (as opposed to only studying the translation product). Process and sociological studies are currently on the forefront of research in translation studies and this dissertation attempts to contribute to these fields. The current study investigates the role of the various agents (among others the publisher, reviser and editor) involved in the production process of translations to illustrate how this process involves more agents than only the translator. Translation is proven to be a process involving a network of agents who work together to produce the final product, i.e. the target text. In this dissertation this interaction between agents is examined by making use of Latour's Actor-Network-Theory (ANT), a sociological theory that focuses on the network and links between agents within a production process. The production processes of literary translations that are analysed in this dissertation are Niggie – To hell with Cronjé (Ingrid Winterbach), Vaselinetjie – My name is Vaselinetjie (Anoeschka von Meck) and a selection of the "Stoffel tales" – In bushveld and dessert: A game ranger's life (Christiaan Bakkes). These texts were all translated by the literary translator Elsa Silke and published by NB Publishers in 2007, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The versions of the texts analysed are the source text, the concept translation, any other preliminary versions (manuscripts) and the completed published target text. These texts are analysed along with all available correspondence between agents to reconstruct the production processes in order to determine how translations are produced by means of interaction between different agents. This study is therefore greatly exploratory by nature and aimed at revealing the "invisible" of the production process of literary translations in order to contribute to and promote research within this under-researched field of translation studies. The main focus of this study is to analyse how each agent's inputs have a sociological impact on other agents and the production processes, as well as how their interaction and decisions impact the target text. The results are predominantly presented descriptively (within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies [DTS]) and concepts of Nord's Functionalism, Even-Zohar's Polysystem Theory, Bourdieu's theory on the field of cultural production, Sharpe and Gunther's editing principles and Mossop's theory on editing and revision of translated texts are used to analyse and discuss the production processes of the three literary translations mentioned above. In conclusion a model is presented, based on these analyses, depicting a possible optimal production process for literary translations. A possible chronology of steps in the production process and means of interaction between agents are depicted by this model. With this proposed model this dissertation contributes to theory development within the field of translation studies and editing and revision theory. This model can be applied to production processes of literary translations to test if it is viable to apply in practice to ensure a more effective production process as well as a successful product (target text). If this model proves to be effective, it can eventually serve as a guideline for literary translation practice.

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Browsing Doctoral Degrees (Afrikaans and Dutch) by browse.metadata.advisor "Feinauer, A. E."

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