Department of History

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Die Afrikaanse volkslied onder die bruinmense
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1991) Burden, Matilda; Grobbelaar, P. W.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences. Dept. of Cultural History.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A song has to be accepted by the community, must form part of the oral tradition and be handed over from one generation to the next, before it can be called a folk song. In the process of oral tradition, variants usually develop. A folk song is therefore never complete the moment it is created, but is formed gradually through a process of changes. The Afrikaans folk song sung by the coloured people has the same characteristics as the folk song in general. The fact that oral tradition is the major way of spreading songs, is evident from the many variants that occur and from the examples of transformation of words and melody ("Umsingen"and "Zersingen"). Simplicity, the use of the major key and the avoidance of modulation are prominent characteristics. Suggestiveness and coarse language are fairly common. Melismata are very rare and usually occur in songs which probably have their origin in old Afrikaans records. Most of the songs collected amongst coloured children are used to accompany games. The children seldom sing without playing or play without singing. Most variants are found amongst children's songs. Dancing songs are without a doubt the most popular amongst the songs of adults. The form of the stanzas is very simple and usually the songs consist of many stanzas. A small percentage of the songs collected, more or less 5%, presumably originate from old Afrikaans grammophone records. Most of these songs have been transformed by popular usage and even amongst them variants have been found. The main themes of this group of songs are love, parting, grief and death. Picnic songs, work songs, war songs and drinking songs have been found. Humoristic and mocking songs contribute to the entertainment value of the folk song and are also found amongst the coloured people. Because there is so much interaction between sacred songs and secular songs, especially where the melodies are concerned, the two groups cannot always be separated from each other. The sacred songs of the coloured people are mostly of the "refrain"-type. When a group of coloured people perform the sacred songs, they usually harmonise spontaneously and most beautifully. The fact that so much has been said and written on the subject of the folk song, and that even in recent years substantial research projects have been carried out, is proof enough that the folk song has not yet died out. The Afrikaans folk song features strongly amongst coloured people, though noticeably influenced by the English language, modern technology and urbanisation.
Die argitektuur van die Paarl tussen die twee wereldoorloe : 'n kultuurhistoriese ondersoek
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 1992-12) Albertyn, Elizabeth; Grobbelaar, P. W.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of History.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The erection of buildings in Paarl during the period between the two world wars was influenced by several important socio-economical and cultural circumstances. These events changed the built-up environment of Paarl dramatically. This period can be seen as a change from a traditionial to a modern way of living and this phenomena is clearly imposed on the buildings erected during this period. Some of the important happenings that changed the lives of all Paarlites in those years and influenced their building works, was the influenza epidemic of 1918, the worldwide depression of 1929 which lasted until 1932, the peak and the pining of the wagonbuilding industry, the introduction of the motor car, electricity, motion pictures and technological development in general. This technological progress, especially the introduction of the motor car, brought about the erection of new types of buildings like service stations, show rooms and private garages for these vehicles all over Paarl. Roads were tarred and improved and electrical street lighting was introduced. On 29 November 1924 all the documents and building plans housed in the then existing town hall were destroyed by fire. Further developments that influenced living in Paarl was the establishment of the KWV in 1918, SASKO in 1935, the erection of a new hospital, town hall, post office, schools and the establishment of several other fruit and wine related industries. The granite industry flourished during this period. For the first time Paarl had its own local architects, draughtsmen and builders. Several important architects from Cape Town and elsewhere executed buildings in the town. According to existing records at the Paarl Municipality no less than 34 different architects or partnerships, draughtsmen and builders were responsible for the execution of building plans handed in at the Municipality between 1926 and 1939. Before the period in question Paarl streets were never formally laid out and for the first time large townships were planned from scratch. A wide spectrum of structures ranging from alterations to existing buildings, verandahs, garages, swimming pools, shops, offices, schools, churches and public buildings were erected in Paarl during this period.
'n Genealogiese studie van die Petrus Johannes-tak van die Botes-stam met besondere verwysing na die Weltevrede-plase in die distrik Prins Albert
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1988-12) Botes, Mariana; Grobbelaar, P. W.; Van der Merwe, H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans Culturural History.
No Abstract Available
Die herkoms en ontwikkeling van die Afrikaanse volksdans
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1985-12) Burden, Matilda; Grobbelaar, P. W.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences. Dept. of History.
No abstract available
Die Kaapse meubelmakers, 1652-1900
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1986-12) Geldenhuys, Hugo Amos; Grobbelaar, P. W.; Van der Merwe, Hennie; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences. Dept. of History.
INDLEIDING: Ten spyte van die belangrike bydrae wat die meubelmakers oor meer as drie eeue gelewer het t.o.v. die vervaardiging van een van die belangrikste gebruiksartikels in die Kaapse huishoudings, is daar nag min aandag aan die onderwerp bestee. Slegs enkele navorsers soos H. Aucamp (1971), M. Baraitser en A. Obholzer (1971), J.L.M. Franken (1940) en J. Hoge (1946) verwys na enkele meubelmakers, timmermans, draaiers, voeërs en beeldsnyers wat meubels gemaak het. Daar is egter nog geensins 'n geheelbeeld saamgestel oor die herkoms van die Kaapse meubels en die vakmanne wat dit plaaslik vervaardig het nie. Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel wie die mense was wat die Kaapse meubels sedert die volksplanting plaaslik vervaardig het. Die studie het ook ten doel om, waar moontlik, te onderskei tussen die verskillende soorte vakmanne wat meubels gemaak het, nl. kabinetmakers, stoelmakers, draaiers, voeërs, beeldsnyers en timmermans.
n Kultuurhistoriese beeld van die Vrystaat in die vroee Brand-era
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1990) Badenhorst, Andre Riaan; Grobbelaar, P. W.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of History.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Right from the beginning it is obvious that the term "Cultural History" has as many meanings as you have cultural historians. The cultural history of the Free State finds itself located in a very definite physical milieu, where the loss of land led to internal unity amongst the Free Staters, where their proximity to the well- known Cape Colony, the Basuto danger and the farming prospects influenced the pattern of expansion very definitely. In its architecture and infrastructure one can also see the practical, but plain viewpoints of this people, supported by their religious idea, not to invest in earthly posessions. From characteristics of the Free-Staters it is obvious that they were a tough emigrant offspring, familiar with frontier wars. They were also true farmers, whose tranquility, righteousness and hospitality was second nature to them. Their cultural life was peaceful, notwithstanding smaller differences between supporters of Free State nationalism and those supporting English nationalism, which originated from the Afrikaner-Dutch, English, German, French and Jewish groups in the Free State, encouraged by their flag, coat of arms, national anthem and national monument. Typical of the Free State farmer was his diligence, initiative, drive, self sufficiency and honesty. The farmers and villagers both experienced the bitter-sweet of life, but in different spheres. The various social, cultural and leisure activities indicate the full cultural life of the inhabitants. Judged by the numbers and diversity of dealers, business flourished and although profits were not very high, needs and costs were adjusted accordingly. Dealers played an important part in the cultural life of their communities. This also includes the banking institutions and mining in the Free State. After this the complete educational system, i.e . teachers, individual schools, classrooms and even books were discussed, with emphasis on the cultural aspects. Divine services and religious freedom played an important part in the national economy and the attitude towards mission work was a sympathetic or Religion not only resulted in the origin of towns, but it also acted as a unifying social power. Not only the D.R. -church, but also the Anglican, Wesleyan, Roman- Catholic, Lutheran and "Gereformeerde" churches, as well as the Anabaptists and Jews were examined closely. There were well-qualified doctors as well as successful unqualified doctors in the Free State. Amongst them, like in all walks of social life, there were those who were a disgrace to the profession. The medical doctor in all his facets, as well as illness, accidents and medicine are discussed . A critical shortage of hospitals and nursing staff is obvious. Under the heading, "The authority", it is clear that the legislative , executive and judicial powers excercised by the Free Staters rendered an effective and fair service to the people, in spite of a lack of finances and education. State departments such as interior and exterior affairs, postal services, finance, defence, welfare, and the judicature got its proper share. After the Basutu wars the Free State experienced periods of peace and development. The discovery of diamonds played an important and positive role, too. However, the arrival of president J H Brand, the third President of the Free State, in 1864 formed the watershed between a wavering, poverty-stricken State and a model Republic.
'n Kultuurhistoriese studie van die Duitse Nedersetting Philippi op die Kaapse Vlakte
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 1994-12) Rabe, Lizette; Grobbelaar, P. W.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Cultural History.
Up to the arrival of the so-called "Second Wave" of German settlers to the Cape, the cape Flats was to a great extent uninhabited because it was seen as an inhospitable semi-desert. The colonial Government of the late nineteenth century however felt dat such an area of land in so close a vicinity of an urban region should be made usefull. As a result of the success the German settlers had who arrived in the years 1858/62 in the Eastern Cape (the so-called "First Wave" of German immigrants), it was decided to try the same in the Western Cape. A few German settlers together with their families have already settled themselves on the edge of the Cape Flats and showed that one could farm with vegetabels in this region. They were Germans who were brought to the Cape by the Hamburgh shipping company Godeffroy and Son. They came under contract and had to work for a fixed period at certain appointed employers. These Godeffroy immigrants settled in the vicinity of Wynberg after the expiration of their contracts because a Lutheran church was already established there. They indirectly formed the basis of the German settlement to follow. In 1877/78 the next group consisting of families and part of a Colonial immigratioh project, arrived. Many of these immigrants were settled on Crown Land in the Boland, but a significant number were settled on the Cape Flats. The third group arrived in 1883, again consisting of family groups and as part of a Colonial iimmigration project. Most of the members of this group were allocated on land and the Cape Flats. The last two groups were part of the "Second Wave" of German immigrants. By far mast of the immigrants were peasants and artisans originating from Northern Germany. The Godeffroy immigrants were mostly Prussians and the immigrants of the Second Wave mostly Heidjern from the Luneburger Heath in Lower Saxony. These three groups would fuse into a close community thanks to their common background and religion, as well as the first years' struggle for survival on the then inhospitable Flats. The settlers established three Lutheran congregations and three schools. This study looks at the settlement, the life and work of these settlers and their immediate descendants, as well as the way of life of generations to follow, who had to combat other problems than those their ancestors had to deal with. The Colonial government's belief that the Flats could be a source of fresh produce for the growing Cape Town, proved to be right. The region established itself as the "Fresh produce larder of cape Town". Today many descendants find themselves in all the different social spheres throughout South Africa. A substantial number of descendants of the settlers however still live and farm on the properties their forefathers established. The farming area, although considerably smaller than the original settlement area, is of strategical and economical importance today because of the huge amount of vegetables which is being produced almost inside the city boundaries for the daily growing population of Cape Town.
Die laat-Victoriaanse Mosselbaai 1870-1902
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1990-03) Scheffler, Helena Maria; Grobbelaar, P. W.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences. Dept. of History.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development of Mossel Bay was subject to the opening of passes accross the two mountain ranges between the coast and the interior of the country. As the harbour gradually became more accessible to its hinterland, the Karoo, imports and exports increased. The granting of municipal status in 1852 precipitated a period of growth and by 1871, the town even had its own newspaper. Until the mid eighties, Mossel Bay was an arid town with little vegetation and scarcely enough water for domestic use. The serious shortage of water hindered the inhabitants in almost every way. With the completion of a water scheme in 1886 whereby water was received from the Outeniqua mountains, not only was the town embellished by the planting of trees but the drains could be cleaned and the fires successfully extinguished. The Town Council had to deal with squatters, roaming dogs and other stray animals. The general hygienic conditions left much to be desired. The drains were dirty, sanitation poor, dumping sites unfavourably situated and until 1891, animals were slaughtered in town. Typhus and Bubonic Plague broke out in the late nineties. The town had its own doctor and pharmacist, while a dentist made sporadic visits. A Cottage Hospital was established. The crime rate was low and the judge of the Circuit Court often had no criminal cases to hear. Commercially a market was established and an unusually high number of wholesalers began trading in the bay. Three large hotels accommodated the many visitors. Travelling ph.o tographers visited regularly and at one stage Mossel Bay even had its own resident photographer. The Mossel Bay Advertiser made an important contribution in influencing public opinion and in participating in the struggle for obtaining a rail link. This struggle was the major issue of the time. The link was frequently promised but it was only the last assurance in 1895 that was ultimately honoured. Major development took place in Shipping: Steam cranes and steam tugs were acquired and large oceanliners called, first fortnightly and then weekly. In so doing, regular contact was established with England. However the Coode Report found that the bay was becoming shallower and for this reason harbour development was rejected. Immense dissatisfaction prevailed after steam ships began calling in on Sundays, thereby forcing the inhabitants to work on the Sabbath. With the completion of the railway lines linking Port Elizabeth and Cape Town to the diamond fields, these ports gradually took over the trade generated by the Karoo. The services of the steamship companies were curtailed in the nineties resulting in diminished trade. At the end of the decade, it was announced that the harbour would receive a new breakwater and wharf. The number of shipwrecks were relatively small in comparison with other places. After the completion of the Kleinbosch Water Scheme in 1886, the town was marketed as a watering place and health resort. Many holiday makers flocked to the bay to swim in the natural bathing place at the Point. Farmers from the interior began to camp near the beach at Diepkloof. After the introduction of a halfday holiday on Saturdays, sporting activities became popular and sports clubs were established. Societies enabled participants to spend their leisure time in a constructive manner. The contribution of the church was large. A few ministers held their posts for lengthy periods and left their stamp on the community. Education was characterised by the struggle between the state supported schools and those run by the church. Although small, the schools produced outstanding students.
'n Ondersoek na die oorsprong en betekenis van plek- en plaasname in die landdrosdistrik Namakwaland
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1986-03) Burger, Christiaan Rudolf; Grobbelaar, P. W.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans & Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available
Die ontstaan van 'n Westerse militere tradisie aan die Kaap tot 1795
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1994-03) Grobbelaar, Paul Marais; Grobbelaar, P. W.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of History.
The existence of a Greek military tradition goes back to Athens and Sparta. Its detail was handed down by Xenophon, in the 4th century before Christ and Polibios (220-160 before Christ). By 100 before Christ the historian Asklepiodotus had also made a valuable contribution. The Etruscans adopted the method of war from the Greeks as early as the 7th century before Christ. By 350 before Christ Livy was the important military historian of the Romans. By 168 before Christ Polibios was taken to Rome after the defeat of Macedonia. At the end of the 2nd century before Christ the military historians who made contributions were Tacitus, Josephus and Vegetius. During the reign of Trajan in 96 Aelian appeared on the scene. He wrote the book Tactics in 106 in which he set out the Macedonian-Hellenistic elementary tactics. The work represents a line of thought from Xenophon in 400 before Christ to Polibios in 200 before Christ to Asclepiodotus in 100 before Christ to Aelianus in 100 after Christ. After the fall of Rome in the 5th century, Byzantium inherited these military traditions. Byzantium adopted the military system practically unaltered, merely refining it. Emperor Leo VI who was ruling by 900 wrote Tactica, a collection of studies on the tactics in which he discussed the heritage from the GreekMacedonian-Hellenistic-Roman military science. This work is the most valuable contribution to military science from the Byzantine period. After the fall of Byzantium in 1453, the Byzantium heritage was transferred to Rome under the leadership of Cardinal Bessarion and his assistant Perotti. This exodus coincided with the early years of the Renaissance. Interest in the works of the Greek and Roman writers and philosophers was renewed and editions of original writings as well as translations of these writings were published. By 1559 about 7 000 soldiers of the Spanish army were deployed in The Netherlands. Poor payment of wages left a trail of destruction and led to the sacking of Antwerp by the Spanish troops on 1576. This resulted in the revolt in the provinces of the Netherlands and their own army, the Staatse Leger, was raised. The study of Aelian's Tactice and the Tactica by Leo VI, led to changes in the military philosophy of The Netherlands. The military reforms which followed were tackled by Maurice of Orange, Louis William of Nassau and John of Nassau. These reforms culminated in the Battle of Nieuport in 1600. In this battle the Greek and Roman princples were applied in modern practice. The news of the reforms in The Netherlands spread across Europe and led to the spread of the reforms to, inter alia, France, England and Germany. By means of his English translation of the Tactice of Aelian, Captain John Bingham played a major part in spreading these reforms and so did John of Nassau. The Dutch East India Company (DEIC) was entitled to raise a military system similar to the Staatse Leger in the countries where settlements were established. Should war have broken out, these soldiers could have been used by the government. At the Cape the garrison at the Fort and later at the Castle was primarily manned by German soldiers. Customs and traditions the Staatse Leger became even more part of the developing Cape military tradition when the Burgher Militia was established. The Commando system was introduced as a result of plundering and stock thefts by the Khoi. The members of the Burgher Militia were also the members of the commandos. Thus the military customs of the militia and the garrison were transferred to the commando system, although this system took on a unique and distinctive character of its own.
Die tradisionele wamakersbedryf in Suid-Afrika met spesifieke verwysing na die Paarl
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1983-12) Van der Merwe, Hennie; Grobbelaar, P. W.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of History.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available

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