Nutritional-associated changes in lipid metabolism affecting the pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cryptococcus neoformans is the etiological agent for the disease, cryptococcal meningitis, affecting approximately 250,000 individuals, with an estimated 180,000 attributable deaths each year. The effect of this disease is exacerbated by the ubiquitous distribution of C. neoformans in the natural environment, being widely distributed within ecological reservoirs, including the woody debris of numerous tree species and pigeon guano. Within these habitats, C. neoformans encounters severe nutrient limitation, particularly in bioavailable nitrogen. Since it has been previously demonstrated that markedly low nitrogen concentrations commonly experienced in their arboreal habitats enhance the in vitro virulence factor production of C. neoformans, it became important to further elucidate this yeast’s genetic response to nitrogen stress to better understand its adaptation to the severely nutrient-limited host environment. Lipid metabolism has been identified as a core virulence function of C. neoformans required for its entire infection process and several lipid species have been shown to influence cryptococcal virulence. Although it is known that lipid metabolism and nitrogen limitation (NL) are connected to the virulence of C. neoformans, the tripartite relationship between NL, lipid metabolism, and cryptococcal virulence has not been characterised. In particular, the regulatory role of lipid metabolism in the enhanced virulence phenotype of C. neoformans during growth in nitrogen-limiting conditions relevant to its arboreal habitats has not been defined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the nitrogen limiting effect on the transcriptional landscape of C. neoformans, with a focused view on lipid metabolism and the lipid profile and distribution within the cryptococcal membrane. Furthermore, this study aimed to interrogate the influence of lipid metabolism on the in vitro virulence factor production of C. neoformans during NL. Here we show that the lipid metabolism of C. neoformans is affected during nitrogen-limited growth as the differential gene expression data revealed lipid metabolism as one of the major biological processes significantly enriched under NL conditions with several genes involved in lipid metabolic processes being differentially regulated. These included genes were involved in sphingolipid-, carnitine-, inositol phosphate- and fatty acid metabolism. Four lipid-related deletion strains, namely the carnitine carrier, CNAG_00675 (cacΔ), sphingolipid methyltransferase, CNAG_01475 (smtΔ), long-chain fatty acid transporter, CNAG_01191, (lfatΔ) and an inositol polyphosphate phosphatase, CNAG_06065, (sac101Δ) were then selected to experimentally evaluate whether these highly regulated genes related to lipid metabolism confer the enhanced virulent phenotype of C. neoformans associated with NL. Indeed, carnitine, fatty acid, sphingolipid, and inositol phosphate metabolism were implicated in the production of the primary cryptococcal virulence factors, namely the polysaccharide capsule and melanisation. Specifically, capsule sizes and melanisation was significantly reduced in the cacΔ, smtΔ, lfatΔ and the sac101Δ deletion strains at low nitrogen (LN) at 30°C (LN30) condition compared to the H99 wild-type. Our results revealed how these lipid metabolic processes are directly linked to the virulence factor elaboration of C. neoformans during NL. Similarly, capsule sizes were significantly reduced in cacΔ and lfatΔ deletion strains at the LN at 37°C (LN37) condition, however, melanisation was significantly increased in these deletion strains compared to the laccase activity displayed by H99. This suggests that the deletions of CAC and LFAT, together with the compounding effect of LN and high-temperature stress, differentially regulate this virulence factor during growth at 30°C. Ergosterol production was also significantly affected by the deletions of the carnitine carrier and the long-chain fatty acid transporter at LN37, as lower ergosterol levels were measured compared to H99. Similar observations were made for the smtΔ and cacΔ strains at LN30. These results implicate these lipid genes in regulating membrane ergosterol levels in C. neoformans which could be potential drug targets for anticryptococcal therapies. By further analysing the effect of NL on the lipid composition of C. neoformans, it was confirmed that nitrogen stress does influence its lipid profile and distributions. In particular, the phospholipid (PL) species profile of H99 varied significantly during growth at the LN vs HN conditions at both 30°C and 37°C. Specifically, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were identified as the major PLs, however, their prominence was differently distributed across all the conditions. At LN conditions, PCs were the most abundant at 30°C, whereas PE species were more prominent at 37°C. This suggests that nitrogen and temperature stress strongly influenced the PL profile of C. neoformans. As it is known that the PL composition greatly contributes to the membrane properties and the ultimate function and fitness of a cell, these results indicate that the observed changes in the PL composition could contribute to the virulence factor production of C. neoformans. Although this is yet to be elucidated, this study provides the groundwork for future research on the tripartite relationship between lipids, nitrogen stress, and pathogen fitness/virulence in C. neoformans. Overall, this was the first study to demonstrate that the nitrogen status of the external milieu, commonly found in the arboreal niches of C. neoformans, influences its lipid metabolism and that this relationship directly influences the in vitro virulence factor production of H99. Further research should aim at exploring the regulatory role of lipid metabolism in the virulence of C. neoformans during NL as this would provide potential gene targets for anticryptococcal therapies as well as novel insights into the physiology and pathogenesis of C. neoformans within its primary ecological niches.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Cryptococcus neoformans is die etiologiese middel vir die siekte, cryptokokkale meningitis, wat elke jaar ongeveer 250,000 individue affekteer, met ‘n geskatte 180,000 toeskryfbare sterftes. Die effek van hierdie siekte word vererger deur die alomteenwoordige verspreiding van C. neoformans in die natuurlike omgewing, wat wyd versprei word binne ekologiese reservoirs insluitend die houtagtige puin van talle boomspesies en duiwe-ontlasting. Binne hierdie habitatte ondervind C. neoformans ernstige voedingstofbeperking, veral in biobeskikbare stikstof. Aangesien dit voorheen getoon is dat merkbare lae stikstofkonsentrasies wat algemeen in boomhabitatte ervaar word, die in vitro virulensiefaktoor produksie van C. neoformans verhoog, was dit belangrik om hierdie gis se genetiese reaksie op stikstofstres verder toe te lig om die aanpassing tydens die kritiese nutriëntbeperkte toestande van die gasheeromgewing beter te verstaan. Lipiedmetabolisme is geïdentifiseer as 'n kern virulensiefaktoor van C. neoformans wat nodig is vir die infeksieproses en daar is getoon dat verskeie lipiedspesies die cryptokokkale virulensie beïnvloed. Alhoewel dit bekend is dat lipiedmetabolisme en stikstofbeperking met die virulensie van C. neoformans verbind word, is die drieledige verhouding tussen stikstofstres, lipiedmetabolisme en cryptokokkale virulensie nie gekarakteriseer nie. In besondere, die regulerende rol van lipiedmetabolisme in die verhoogde virulensie fenotipe van C. neoformans tydens groei in stikstofbeperkende toestande relevant tot die boomhabitatte, is nie gedefinieer nie. Hierdie studie het dus ten doel gehad om die stikstofbeperkende effek op die transkripsionele landskap van C. neoformans te ondersoek, met 'n gefokusde siening op lipiedmetabolisme sowel as die lipiedprofiel en verspreiding binne die criptokokkale membraan. Verder het hierdie studie ten doel gehad om die invloed van lipiedmetabolisme op die in vitro virulensiefaktoor produksie van C. neoformans tydens stikstofstres te ondersoek. Hier wys ons dat die lipiedmetabolisme van C. neoformans geaffekteer word tydens stikstofbeperkte groei, aangesien die differensiële geenuitdrukkingsdata aan die lig gebring het dat lipiedmetabolisme een van die belangrikste biologiese prosesse is wat aansienlik verryk is onder lae stikstof (LS) toestande. Daarbenewens, was verskeie gene betrokke by lipiedmetaboliese prosesse differensieel gereguleer insluitend dié betrokke by sfingolipied-, karnitien-, inositolfosfaat- en vetsuurmetabolisme. Vier lipiedverwante delesiestamme, naamlik die karnitiendraer, CNAG_00675 (cacΔ), sfingolipiedmetieltransferase, CNAG_01475 (smtΔ), langketting vetsuurver voerder, CNAG_01191, (lfatΔ) en 'n inositol polifosfaat fosfatase CNAG_06065 (sac101Δ) was gekies om eksperimenteel te evalueer of hierdie hoogs gereguleerde gene verwant aan lipiedmetabolisme die verbeterde virulensie fenotipe van C. neoformans wat met stikstofstres geassosieer word, verleen. Inderdaad, karnitien, vetsuur, sfingolipied en inositol fosfaatmetabolisme was betrokke by die produksie van die primêre cryptokokkale virulensiefaktore, naamlik die polisakkaried kapsule en melanisering. Spesifiek, kapsulegroottes en melanisasie is aansienlik verminder in die cacΔ, smtΔ, lfatΔ en die sac101Δ delesie stamme by die LS30 toestand in vergelyking met die H99 wilde tipe. Ons resultate het getoon hoe hierdie lipiedmetaboliese prosesse direk gekoppel is aan die virulensiefaktoor produksie van C. neoformans tydens stikstofstres. Die kapsulegrootes was ook aansienlik verminder in die cacΔ en lfatΔ delesie stamme by die LS37 toestande, maar melanisasie was aansienlik verhoog in dieselfde delesie stamme in vergelyking met die laccase-aktiwiteit vertoon deur H99. Dit dui daarop dat die delesies van CAC en LFAT tesame met die samestellende effek van LN en hoë temperatuurstres, hierdie virulensiefaktoor differensieel reguleer tydens groei by 30°C. Ergosterol produksie is ook aansienlik beïnvloed deur die delesies van die karnitiendraer en die langketting vetsuur vervoerder by LS37 aangesien laer ergosterol vlakke gemeet is in vergelyking met die H99 wilde tipe stam. Soortgelyke waarnemings is gemaak vir die smtΔ en cacΔ stamme by LS30. Hierdie resultate impliseer hierdie lipiedgene in die regulering van membraan ergosterolvlakke in C. neoformans sowel as potensiële geneesmiddelteikens vir anti-cryptokokkale terapieë. Deur die effek van stikstofstres op die lipiedsamestelling van C. neoformans verder te ontleed, was dit bevestig dat stikstofstres wel die lipiedprofiel en verspreidings van C. neoformans beïnvloed. In besondere, het die fosfolipied (FL) spesie profiel van H99 aansienlik gevarieer tydens groei by die LS in vergelyking met die HS toestande by beide 30°C en 37°C. Spesifiek, fosfatidieletanolamien en fosfatidielcholien is geïdentifiseer as die belangrikste FL'e, maar hul prominensie was verskillend versprei oor al die toestande. By LS toestande was fosfatidielcholien spesies die volopste by 30°C, terwyl fosfatidieletanolamien spesies meer prominent was by 37°C. Dit dui daarop dat stikstof- en temperatuurstres die FL-profiel van C. neoformans sterk beïnvloed het. Aangesien dit bekend is dat die FL samestelling grootliks bydra tot die membraaneienskappe en die uiteindelike funksie en fiksheid van 'n sel, dui hierdie resultate daarop dat die waargenome veranderinge in die FL samestelling tot die virulensiefaktoor produksie van C. neoformans kan bydra. Alhoewel dit nog toegelig moet word, verskaf hierdie studie die grondslag vir toekomstige navorsing oor die drieledige verhouding tussen lipiede, stikstofstres en patogeenfiksheid/virulensie in C. neoformans. Oor die algemeen was dit die eerste studie wat gedemonstreer het dat die stikstofstatus van die eksterne milieu, wat algemeen voorkom in die boomagtige nisse van C. neoformans, lipiedmetabolisme beïnvloed, en dat hierdie verband die in vitro virulensiefaktoor produksie van H99 direk beïnvloed. Verdere navorsing moet daarop gemik wees om die regulerende rol van lipiedmetabolisme in die virulensie van C. neoformans tydens stikstofstres te ondersoek, aangesien dit potensiële geenteikens vir anti-cryptokokkale-terapieë sowel as nuwe insigte in die fisiologie en patogenese van C. neoformans binne hul primêre ekologiese nisse sal verskaf.
Description
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Citation