Enheduanna, priestess, princess and poet: a historical study of the ‘world’s first author’ and her iconic poetry

Date
2024-03
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the life and work of Enheduanna of Akkad (c. 2334–2279 BCE), who besides holding a powerful cultic position as entu (high priestess), has been attributed with the title of ‘world’s first author’. This research investigates whether she played an important role, what can be gleaned about her life from her texts, and what influence these have had on both her direct as well as contemporary reception. Additionally, I investigated why she has been overlooked as a pivotal figure and whether there are any other instances of female authorship comparable to her. Even though Enheduanna is recorded as the first identifiable author by name, there have been few studies on her and her work. This study firstly highlights her importance as an entu priestess by looking at the various roles of priestesses as they relate to her, what her position entailed and how this influenced the later Mesopotamian cult. Following this, Enheduanna is discussed in relation to her writings, and each of her longer texts is analysed and interpreted. The analysis of these texts has uncovered and expanded on significant historical, mythological and personal information regarding Enheduanna’s life. This culminates in a discussion on what all this conveys regarding her impact during her lifetime and her contemporary reception as a religious figure, an influential author and a woman. Through a nuanced application of feminist theories of power, agency and oppression, the results indicate that her involvement in the cult was crucial in facilitating powerful religious roles for women. However, her influence on authorship outweighs even that significance, as the research indicates that her texts can be read as “self-writing”, not only providing information on mythic and historical thinking, but also her authorial voice. This thesis concludes that Enheduanna has been overlooked even though she is highly significant, both in her capacity as a religious icon with agency and in her immense abilities as an author. Furthermore, this research identifies other women who occupied similar cultic positions and also authored texts. Questions for further research identified in this thesis are a full study on the categorisation of autobiographical texts within a West Asian literary corpus, further studies on the instances of female self-writing, and an additional look into whether the depiction of Inanna within Enheduanna’s texts is limited to her because she was a woman representing a female deity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die lewe en werk van Enheduanna van Akkad (ongeveer 2334–2279 v.C.), wat behalwe dat sy 'n magtige kultiese posisie as entu (hoëpriesteres) beklee het, ook die titel van die wêreld se eerste skrywer beklee. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek of sy 'n belangrike rol as figuur gespeel het, wat oor haar lewe uit haar tekste afgelei kan word, en watter invloed dit op sowel haar direkte as kontemporêre ontvangs gehad het. Daarbenewens het ek ondersoek ingestel na waarom sy oor die hoof gesien is as figuur en of daar enige ander gevalle van vroulike skrywers is wat met haar vergelykbaar is. Selfs al staan Enheduanna as die eerste identifiseerbare skrywer by naam in die rekords, is daar min narvorsing oor haar en haar werk. Hierdie studie beklemtoon eerstens haar belangrikheid as 'n entu priesteres deur na die verskeie rolle van priesteresse te kyk wat met haar verband hou, wat haar posisie behels het en hoe dit die latere Mesopotamiese kultuur beïnvloed het. Na hierdie inleiding word Enheduanna geanaliseer in verband met haar skrywerskap, en elkeen van haar langer tekste word bespreek en geïnterpreteer. Die ontleding van hierdie tekste het belangrike historiese, mitologiese en persoonlike inligting oor Enheduanna se lewe blootgelê en daarop uitgebrei. Dit loop uit in 'n bespreking oor haar impak gedurende haar leeftyd en haar kontemporêre ontvangs as 'n godsdienstige figuur, 'n invloedryke skrywer en 'n vrou. Deur 'n genuanseerde toepassing van feministiese teorieë oor mag, agentskap en onderdrukking, dui die resultate aan dat haar betrokkenheid in die kultus van uiterste belang was om magtige godsdienstige rolle vir vroue te bevorder. Tog oorskry haar invloed op skryfwerk selfs daardie prestasie, aangesien die navorsing aandui dat haar tekste as "self-skrywery" gelees kan word, wat nie net inligting oor mitologiese en historiese denke bied nie, maar ook oor haar autorenstimme. Hierdie tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat Enheduanna oor die hoof gesien is al is sy van groot belang, sowel in haar vermoëns as 'n godsdienstige ikoon met agentskap as in haar buitengewone vermoëns as 'n skrywer. Verder identifiseer hierdie navorsing ander vroue wat soortgelyke kultiese posisies beklee het en ook tekste geskryf het. Vrae vir verdere navorsing wat in hierdie tesis geïdentifiseer is, sluit 'n volledige studie van die kategorisering van outobiografiese tekste binne 'n Wes-Asiatiese letterkunde korpus in, verdere studies oor die gevalle van vroulike self-skrywery, en 'n bykomende ondersoek na die vraag of die uitbeelding van Inanna binne Enheduanna se tekste tot haar beperk is omdat sy 'n vrou was wat 'n vroulike godheid uitgebeeld het.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.
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