Examining FLO gene expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of selected non-Saccharomyces strains

Date
2022-03
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The yeast cell wall hosts several protein families, including a group of structurally similar proteins termed Flo (flocculation) proteins. These proteins are responsible for different forms of cell adhesion, including biofilm formation, pseudohyphae formation and flocculation. The FLO genes are genetically very similar, and appear to differ only in their affinity for sugar types and in the amount of adhesion their expression confers. It is still unclear why a group of genetically similar genes, all appearing to contribute to the same phenotype, have been evolutionarily conserved. Recently, it was reported that overexpression of some of these genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae vastly influences multispecies population dynamics in fermentation conditions. S. cerevisiae appears to dominate the fermentation when certain FLO genes are overexpressed, while overexpression of others can negatively impact the persistence of this species. Additionally, it was found that this species can selectively aggregate with others, depending on the dominant FLO gene expressed. It was thus hypothesised that these genes could play a role in interspecies interaction. And if FLO gene expression influences interspecies interaction, it raised the question whether interspecies interactions have an effect on FLO gene expression. This study sought to determine whether specific FLO genes in S. cerevisiae are expressed at different levels when this yeast is in the presence of different species, specifically Hanseniaspora opuntiae, Lachancea thermotolerans and Wickerhamomyces thermotolerans. RT-qPCR was utilised to measure expression levels during fermentations in synthetic grape must. FLO genes generally experienced an increase in expression in mixed cultures. However, these increased expression levels varied widely between the different co-cultures, as well as over time. These results confirm that FLO genes play an important role in interspecies interaction. Preliminary microscopy results furthermore show that S. cerevisiae indeed demonstrates differential aggregation behaviour based on pure culture or mixed culture with these three species. The study provides a novel approach to FLO gene research, since abiotic rather than biotic factors have mainly been examined in FLO gene expression assays. The data also support the hypotheses that S. cerevisiae has adapted to multispecies systems and that physical contact may have played an important role in interspecies interactions and evolution in complex natural or domesticated ecosystems.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gis selwand behels verskeie proteïen families - dit sluit ‘n groep proteïene in wat struktureel soortgelyk is, genaamd die Flo (flokkulasie) proteïene. Hierdie proteïene is verantwoordelik vir verskillende vorms van sel aanhegting, ingesluit vorming van biofilms, pseudohyphae vorming en flokkulasie. Die FLO gene is ook geneties baie soortgelyk, en verskil sover slegs in hul affiniteit vir suiker tipes, asook die hoeveelheid aanhegting wat deur hul uitdrukking veroorsaak word. Dit is steeds onduidelik waarom ‘n groep geneties soortgelyke gene, wat almal aan dieselfde fenotipe bydra, evolusionêr behoue is. Dit is onlangs rapporteer dat die oor-uitdrukking van sommige van hierdie gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, multispesies populasie dinamika uitermate beïnvloed in fermentasie omstandighede. Dit blyk asof S. cerevisiae fermentasie domineer wanneer sekere FLO gene oor-uitgedruk word, terwyl die oorlewing van die spesies negatief beïnvloed word met die oor-uidrukking van ander gene. Dit is ook bevind dat hierdie spesies selektief kan aanheg met ander spesies, afhangend van watter FLO geen dominerend uitgedruk word. Dit is dus gehipotiseer dat hierdie gene ‘n rol in interspesies interaksie kan speel. Aangesien FLO geen- uitdrukking duidelik interspesies interaksie beïnvloed, het die vraag ontstaan of sekere interspesies interaksies ‘n effek op FLO geen-uitdrukking het. Hierdie studie het gepoog om te bepaal of sekere FLO gene in S. cerevisiae uitgedruk word op verskillende vlakke wanneer hierdie gis in die teenwoordigheid is van verskillende spesies, spesifiek Hanseniaspora opuntiae, Lachancea thermotolerans en Wickerhamomyces thermotolerans. RT-qPCR was aangewend om uitdrukkingsvlakke te meet gedurende fermentasies in sintetiese druiwesap. FLO gene het oor die algemeen ‘n toename in uitdrukking in die twee-spesies fermentasies ondervind. Alhoewel, die toename in uitdrukkingsvlakke het aansienlik verskil tussen die verskillende fermentasies, sowel as oor tyd. Hierdie resultate stel voor dat FLO gene ‘n belangrike rol in interspesies interaksie speel. Aanvanklike mikroskopiese resultate stel voor dat S. cerevisiae inderdaad differensiële aanhegtings-gedrag demonstreer, gebaseer op enkel- of twee-spesies fermentasies met die drie nie-Saccharomyces spesies. Die studie bied ‘n ongekende benadering tot navorsing in verband met FLO gene, aangesien a-biotiese faktore hoofsaaklik in FLO geen-uitdrukking toetse bestudeer is. Die data ondersteun ook die hipotese dat S. cerevisiae aangepas is tot multi-spesies sisteme en dat fisiese kontak moontlik ‘n groot rol in interspesies interaksies en evolusie in komplekse natuurlike of mensgemaakte ekosisteme kan speel.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
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