Investigating the use of Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) and brassicaceous cover crops as a tool for the management of lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) in apple orchards

Date
2024-03
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The global surge in conscious consumerism favouring organically grown produce with minimal environmental impact has placed a considerable strain on global agriculture, particularly in fruit production which is heavily reliant on agrochemicals in crop protection programs. Fruit producers are expected to withdraw agrochemicals from crop protection programs to meet the demand for organically grown produce. Additionally, increasingly stringent maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by global export markets on agrochemical residue intensify the need for alternative crop protection solutions. Motivated by the drive towards organic produce, in this study, we evaluated the use of cover crops as an alternative control measure to chemical soil fumigation and the use of nematicides against the most prevalent nematode pest in South African apple orchards – the root lesion nematode (RLN) (Pratylenchus hippeastri). Two marigolds (Tagetes spp.) the African marigold (T. erecta) and the French marigold (T. patula) and three brassicaceous cover crops, brown mustard (Brassica juncea), Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) and white mustard (Sinapis alba) were tested, through pot trials, for their ability to suppress RLN in infested orchard soil and inside the roots of infested apple trees. The suppressive potential of these cover crops was tested in three ways; (1) grown as a cover crop, (2) used as a soil amendment for biofumigation and (3) used as a soil amendment in combination with soil solarization (biodisinfestation). Along with this, a pilot trial was performed in a commercial apple orchard in Grabouw, Western Cape, South Africa (SA), where we evaluated the potential of marigolds to establish, grow, and suppress RLN in the soil and in the roots of apple trees under the conditions of a commercial apple orchard. Five inoculation methods were tried to obtain soil infested with RLN. Infested orchard soil in combination with infested apple root fragments proved to be most effective. However, this study emphasizes the need for an optimal growth medium which supports RLN survival while maintaining sterility for accurate experimental results. Cover crops used in these experiments are not conducive hosts to RLN. Marigolds, acting as cover crops, effectively reduce RLN populations in the soil through the release of an allelopathic root exudate, α-terthienyl. Conversely, brassicaceous cover crops do not impact RLN populations unless utilized for biofumigation. Biodisinfestation exhibits an enhanced level of RLN control in the soil as well as inside the apple roots consequently suppressing overall RLN reproduction. The success of biofumigation and biodisinfestation greatly depends on conducive climatic conditions (Adequate soil moisture, sufficient oxygen, and soil temperatures between 25°C – 35°C). Marigolds have the potential to serve as RLN-suppressing cover crops in commercial apple orchards. This study provides comprehensive evidence supporting the use of these cover crops as a tool for RLN management in apple orchards.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wêreldwye toename in bewuste verbruikerswese, wat organies verboude produkte met minimale omgewingsimpak bevoordeel, het aansienlike druk op wêreldwye landbou geplaas, veral in vrugteproduksie wat sterk afhanklik is van landbouchemikalieë in gewasbeskermingsprogramme. Vrugteprodusente sal na verwagting landbouchemikalieë aan gewasbeskermingsprogramme moet onttrek om in die vraag na organies verboude vrugte te voorsien. Daarbenewens versterk toenemende streng maksimum residuvlakke (MRLe) wat deur globale uitvoermarkte op landbouchemiese residue gestel word die behoefte aan alternatiewe oplossings vir gewasbeskerming. Met die groeiende vraag na organiese produkte as motivering, het ons in hierdie studie die gebruik van dekgewasse as 'n alternatiewe beheermaatreël vir chemiese grondberoking en die gebruik van aalwurmdoders teen die mees algemene aalwurmplaag in Suid-Afrikaanse appelboorde geëvalueer – die wortelletselaalwurm (WLA) (Pratylenchus hippeastri). Twee afrikanerblomme (Tagetes spp.), die Afrika afrikanerblom (T. erecta) en die Franse afrikanerblom (T. patula) en drie kooldekgewasse, bruin mosterd (Brassica juncea), Ethiopiese mosterd (Brassica carinata) en wit mosterd (Sinapis alba) is deur middel van potproewe getoets vir hul vermoë om WLA in besmette boordgrond en binne die wortels van besmette appelbome te onderdruk. Die onderdrukkende potensiaal van hierdie dekgewasse is op drie maniere getoets; (1) verbou as 'n dekgewas, (2) gebruik as 'n grondwysiging vir bioberoking en (3) gebruik as 'n grondwysiging in kombinasie met grondsolarisasie (bio-ontsmetting). Daarmee saam is 'n loodsproef uitgevoer in 'n kommersiële appelboord in Grabouw, Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika (SA), waar ons die vermoë van afrikanerblomme geëvalueer het om te vestig, te groei en WLA in die grond sowel as in die wortels van appel bome in ‘n kommersiële appelboord te onder druk. Vyf inokulasiemetodes is beproef om grond wat met WLA besmet is, te verkry. Die doeltreffendste metode was besmette boordgrond in kombinasie met besmette wortelfragmente van ‘n appelboom. Hierdie studie beklemtoon egter die behoefte aan 'n optimale groeimedium wat WLA-oorlewing ondersteun terwyl steriliteit gehandhaaf word vir akkurate eksperimentele resultate. Dekgewasse wat in hierdie eksperimente gebruik word, is nie gunstige gashere vir WLA nie. Afrikanerblomme, wat as dekgewasse optree, verminder effektief WLA-populasies in die grond deur die vrystelling van 'n allelopatiese worteleksudaat, α-terthienyl. Hierteenoor beïnvloed kooldekgewasse nie WLA- populasies nie, tensy dit vir bioberoking gebruik word. Bio-ontsmetting toon 'n verhoogde vlak van WLA beheer in die grond sowel as binne die appelwortels, gevolglik word algehele WLA reproduksie onderdruk. Die sukses van bioberoking en bio-ontsmetting hang grootliks af van gunstige klimaatstoestande, d.i. voldoende grondvog, voldoende suurstof en grond temperature tussen 25°C – 35°C. Afrikanerblomme het die potensiaal om as WLA-onderdrukkende dekgewasse in kommersiële appelboorde te dien. Hierdie studie verskaf omvattende bewyse wat die gebruik van hierdie dekgewasse as 'n hulpmiddel vir WLA-bestuur in appelboorde ondersteun.
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Thesis (MScConsEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.
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