Developing autonomous observing systems for micronutrient trace metals

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dc.contributor.authorGrand, Maxime M.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorLaes-Huon, Agatheen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorFietz, Susanneen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorResing, Joseph A.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorObata, Hajimeen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorLuther, George W. IIIen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorTagliabue, Alessandroen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAchterberg, Eric P.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorMiddag, Roben_ZA
dc.contributor.authorTovar-Sanchez, Antonioen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBowie, Andrew R.en_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2021-09-17T10:09:11Z
dc.date.available2021-09-17T10:09:11Z
dc.date.issued2019-02-21
dc.descriptionCITATION: Grand, M. M. et al. 2019. Developing autonomous observing systems for micronutrient trace metals. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00035
dc.descriptionThe original publication is available at https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science
dc.description.abstractTrace metal micronutrients are integral to the functioning of marine ecosystems and the export of particulate carbon to the deep ocean. Although much progress has been made in mapping the distributions of metal micronutrients throughout the ocean over the last 30 years, there remain information gaps, most notable during seasonal transitions and in remote regions. The next challenge is to develop in situ sensing technologies necessary to capture the spatial and temporal variabilities of micronutrients characterized with short residence times, highly variable source terms, and sub-nanomolar concentrations in open ocean settings. Such an effort will allow investigation of the biogeochemical processes at the necessary resolution to constrain fluxes, residence times, and the biological and chemical responses to varying metal inputs in a changing ocean. Here, we discuss the current state of the art and analytical challenges associated with metal micronutrient determinations and highlight existing and emerging technologies, namely in situ chemical analyzers, electrochemical sensors, passive preconcentration samplers, and autonomous trace metal clean samplers, which could form the basis of autonomous observing systems for trace metals within the next decade. We suggest that several existing assets can already be deployed in regions of enhanced metal concentrations and argue that, upon further development, a combination of wet chemical analyzers with electrochemical sensors may provide the best compromise between analytical precision, detection limits, metal speciation, and longevity for autonomous open ocean determinations. To meet this goal, resources must be invested to: (1) improve the sensitivity of existing sensors including the development of novel chemical assays; (2) reduce sensor size and power requirements; (3) develop an open-source “Do-It-Yourself” infrastructure to facilitate sensor development, uptake by end-users and foster a mechanism by which scientists can rapidly adapt commercially available technologies to in situ applications; and (4) develop a community-led standardized protocol to demonstrate the endurance and comparability of in situ sensor data with established techniques. Such a vision will be best served through ongoing collaborations between trace metal geochemists, analytical chemists, the engineering community, and commercial partners, which will accelerate the delivery of new technologies for in situ metal sensing in the decade following OceanObs’19.en_ZA
dc.description.urihttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00035/full
dc.description.versionPublisher's version
dc.format.extent17 pages : illustrations (some color)en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationGrand, M. M. et al. 2019. Developing autonomous observing systems for micronutrient trace metals. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00035
dc.identifier.issn2296-7745 (online)
dc.identifier.otherdoi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00035
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/123044
dc.language.isoen_ZAen_ZA
dc.publisherFrontiers Media
dc.rights.holderAuthors retain rights
dc.subjectTrace metals -- Analysisen_ZA
dc.subjectMicronutrientsen_ZA
dc.subjectIn situ chemical analyzersen_ZA
dc.subjectIn situ sensorsen_ZA
dc.subjectGEOTRACESen_ZA
dc.subjectOceanObs’19en_ZA
dc.subjectOcean observing time seriesen_ZA
dc.subjectTrace elements in nutritionen_ZA
dc.subjectMetals -- Physiological effecten_ZA
dc.subjectBiogeochemical cycles -- Analysisen_ZA
dc.subjectOceanographyen_ZA
dc.titleDeveloping autonomous observing systems for micronutrient trace metalsen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA
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