Multi-disciplinary 3-D reservoir characterization and flow simulation of Aptian/Albian silicate sandstone reservoirs in Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa

Date
2014-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Geological models remain the required input in flow simulators for use by reservoir engineers to simulate performance and optimize oil recovery. The lack of complete subsurface information however, continues to pose a challenge to accurate geological characterisation. A 3-D geologic reservoir model of identified reservoir sand-bodies (WBRED-A, WBRED-B, WBRED-C and WBRED-D) was created to evaluate reservoir fluid-flow performance by way of a systematic workflow that integrates reservoir characterisation, reservoir modelling, upscaling and fluid-flow simulation using a range of data sets. These include: 2-D seismic profiles, well logs, cores, sedimentary logs, and well tests from three exploratory wells. The modelling /approach employed deterministic geological processes in a stochastic framework, hence combining benefits of both deterministic and stochastic modelling methods arranged in nested steps defined primarily by: (1) the creation of a 3-D reservoir model with an anatomy based on concepts of depofacies and their distribution and partitioning, (2) upscaling (i.e. selection of an optimal upscaling method) of the 3-D reservoir model for realistic and representative reservoir anatomy and (3) fluid-flow simulation (i.e. steady state simulation based on assigned two-phase flow parameters of depofacies). The juxtaposing and organisation of observed lithofacies features (sedimentary structures and facies associations) in a down-dip depositional profile allowed for the reconstruction of depositional lithofacies architecture and geometric elements. Six depofacies were recognised (proximal mouth bar, distal mouth bar, delta front, distributary channel, overbank/inter-channel and floodplain/inter-channel deposit), which are broadly grouped into four main lithofacies associations (massive sandstone, interbedded sandstone, claystone, and soft-sediment deformation). Reservoir sandbodies are indicative of a depositional system characterised by a succession of superimposed deltaic cycles which control vertical and horizontal reservoir connectivity. A description of reservoir petrophysics revealed that the WBRED-D presents the lowest average poro-perm results of the four units investigated. Moderate to excellent poro-perm relationship is confirmed within the two main reservoir types-distributary channel-fill and inter-channel reservoirs for WBRED-B, WBRED-C and WBRED-D. Effective porosity values in WBRED [A-D], ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 indicating moderate to very good reservoir quality, while permeability values ranges from 6mD to 602mD and is attributed to well sorted sands. The key control of effective porosity and permeability is the continuity and connectivity of the channel sands and inter-channel deposits. Besides, average water saturation values in the units range from 12% to 69% representative of a reservoir system considered satisfactory for hydrocarbon production. Ten stratigraphic flow units are mapped within WBRED [A-D] and define predictable hydraulic conductivity, storage and porosity of reservoir sandbodies. Flow unit 6 and 10 are identified as possible flow barriers. Upscaling results of WBRED-C show that to preserve reservoir connectivity, the upscaling of the inter-channel deposits proved important. Permeability and porosity upscaling using arithmetic mean and flow-based methods proved effective in generating an excellent agreement between upscaled and fine grid model for WBRED-C. Upscaling describes the replacement of a number of heterogeneous fine grid-blocks with one equivalent coarse homogeneous grid block. The impact of two-phase flow parameters, as modelled for three depofacies characterizing WBRED-C against cumulative production, reveal that relative permeability/wettability is the dominant two-phase flow property. Vertical and lateral facies heterogeneity governs successful mobile oil and gas productivity. To these ends, results of this study are of particular significance to Bredasdorp Basin where geological complexity exists and will assist in planning enhanced oil recovery strategies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geologiese modelle word benodig vir reservoir vloei simulators wat gebruik geword deur reservoir ingenieurs om reservoir verrigting na te boots en te optimaliseer. Weens 'n gebrek aan akkurate ondergrondse inligting, is die karakterisering van geologiese kenmerke steeds 'n uitdaging. 'n 3-D geologiese reservoir model van geïdentifiseerde reservoir sandliggame (WBRED-A, WBRED-B, WBRED-C en WBRED-D) is geskep om reservoir vloeiprestasie te evalueer deur middel van 'n sistematiese werkvloei wat reservoir karakterisering, reservoir modellering, skalering en vloeistof vloei simulasie met 'n verskeidenheid van datastelle. Dit sluit in 2D seismiese profiele, boorgat logs, kern logs, sedimentêre logs, en toetse vanuit drie verkennende boorgate. Die modellering gebruik deterministiese geologiese prosesse in 'n stogastiese raamwerk, dit wil sê die kombinasie van die voordele van beide deterministiese en stogastiese modellering metodes, georden in substappe gedefinieer hoofsaaklik volgens: (1) die skepping van 'n 3-D reservoir model met 'n anatomie wat gebaseer is op die konsepte van depofacies en hul verspreiding en skeiding, (2) die skalering van die 3-D reservoir model vir ʼn realistiese en verteenwoordigende reservoir anatomie en (3) die vloei simulasie. Die afwisseling van die waargenome lithofacies funksies (sedimentêre strukture en fasies verenigings) in 'n afwaartse-helling afsettings profiel het toegelaat vir die rekonstruksie van die afsettings lithofacies argitektuur en geometriese elemente. Ses depofacies is geïdentifiseer (proksimale mond bar, distale mond bar, delta front, vertakking kanaal, inter-kanaal en vloedvlakte), wat gegroepeer is volgens vier lithofacies (massiewe sandsteen, interbedded sandsteen, claystone en sagte sediment deformasie). Reservoir sandliggame is 'n aanduiding van 'n afsettings omgewing gekenmerk deur 'n reeks van oorvleuelende deltaisch siklusse wat die vertikale en horisontale reservoir verbindings beheer. Reservoir petrofisika beskrywings het aangetoondat WBRED-D bied die laagste gemiddelde poro-perm resultate van die vier eenhede ondersoek. Matige tot n uitstekende poro-perm verhouding is bevestig binne die twee belangrikste reservoir tipes-vertakking naamlik kanaalvul en interkanaal reservoirs vir WBRED-B, WBRED-C en WBRED-D . Effektiewe porositeit in WBRED [nC], wissel van 0,14tot0,35 wat dui op matige tot goeie reservoir gehalte, terwyl deurlaatbaarheid waardes wissel van6mD tot 602mD en wordtoegeskryf gesorteerde sande. Diebeheer van effektiewe porositeit en permeabiliteit is hoofsaaklik die kontinuïteit en verbinding van die kanaal sand en interkanaal afsetting. Gemiddelde water versadigingwaardes in die eenhede wissel van 12% tot 69 %, wat 'n reservoir stelsel aandui met bevredigende potensiaal vir koolwaterstof produksie. Tien stratigrafiese vloei eenhede is gekarteer binne WBRED [ nC ] en definieer voorspelbare hidrouliese geleiding, die stoor en porositeit van reservoir sandliggame. Vloei eenheid 6 en 10 is geïdentifiseer as moontlike vloei hindernisse. Opskalering resultate van WBRED-C toon dat om reservoir verbinding te bewaar, die opskaling van die inter- kanaal afsettings belangrik is. Deurlaatbaarheid en porositeit opskalering gebruik rekenkundige gemiddelde en vloeigebaseerde metodes wat doeltreffend bewys is en lewer 'n uitstekende ooreenkoms tussen opskalering en detailrooster model vir WBRED-C. Opskaling beskryf die vervanging van 'n aantal van heterogene detail rooster - blokke met een ekwivalent growwe homogene rooster blok. Die impak van tweefase vloei parameters, soos gemodelleer vir drie depofacies wat WBRED-C met kumulatiewe produksie vergelyk , toon dat relatiewe deurlaatbaarheid/benatting is die dominante twee fase vloei eienskap.. Vertikale en laterale fasies heterogeniteit veroorsaak suksesvolle mobiele olie en gas produktiwiteit. Resultate van hierdie studie is van besondere belang vir Bredasdorpkom waar geologiese kompleksiteit bestaan en sal help met die beplanning vir verbeterde olie ontginning strategieë.
Description
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
Keywords
Multi-disciplinary 3-D reservoir characterization, Reservoir heterogeneities, Aptian/Albian silicate sandstone reservoirs -- South Africa -- Bredasdorp, Reservoir simulation, Reservoir fluid flow performance -- Evaluation, UCTD
Citation