Investigating the costs and value to smallholder farmers participating in the deciduous fruit value chains in South Africa

Date
2020-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY : Integration and development of smallholder farmers into the deciduous fruit value chains continues to be a challenge and smallholder farmers are struggling to compete with large commercial producers. As in any other value chain involving smallholder farmers, the most cited reason for the challenge of value chain participation by smallholder farmers is the issue of transaction costs. Various studies have looked at direct costs associated with participation in the value chain. However, these studies have not investigated other hidden or intangible costs such as, economics costs, regulatory and compliance costs, social and cultural costs, and psychological costs, which may have a tremendous effect on farmer’s participation in the value chain. This leaves a knowledge gap in understanding the overall costs incurred by smallholder farmers participating in the value chain. A framework was developed and transformed into a cost model with corresponding hypotheses that could be used to study these cost constructs. In this framework, an endogenous latent variable “cost to participate” was developed with five exogenous latent variables: direct financial costs, economic costs, psychological costs, regulatory and compliance costs, and social and cultural costs. It was hypothesised that all these costs have a positive relationship with the cost of participating in the value chain and may determine participation. Participation of smallholder farmers in the value chain is also determined by the ability to capture value, which is created at various stages and by different actors along the value chain. Again, various studies have focused on evaluating smallholder farmer upgrading, which is referred to as functional value, as a benefit in participating in the value chain. However, little attention has been given to the capture of their experiential value of participating in the value chain. Evidence on experiential value for the smallholder farmers participating in the value chain is important in order to understand the overall value proposition. On this premise, a framework and experiential value model was developed in order to empirically examine the experiential value for smallholder farmers participating in the value chain. In this framework, an endogenous latent variable, experiential value was developed, with five exogenous latent variables: act experience, feel experience, relate experience, return on investment, satisfaction and think experience. Five hypotheses were developed in order to assess these constructs included in the model. Ability to capture value, which is referred to as functional value in this study, requires financial investments and therefore access to finance becomes crucial in the process of smallholder farmer integration in the value chain. Access to finance is often cited as a major obstacle for smallholder farmer’s participation in the value chain. A conceptual framework was developed and transformed into a functional value model with four hypotheses in order to examine these constructs. This framework consists of an endogenous latent variable, functional value, with four exogenous latent variables: product upgrading, process upgrading, functional upgrading and access to finance. To analyse the results of the models, a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling technique was used with Smart PLS software and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is an important statistical tool in social and behavioural sciences and has an ability of modelling nomological networks by expressing theoretical concepts through constructs and connecting these constructs via a structural model to study their relationships. Due to the fact that the study examined investigative research constructs that were less developed or still need theoretical development, the Structural Equation Modeling technique was found to be appropriate. The study used primary data collected from 101 smallholder farmers participating in the deciduous fruit value chain from three provinces of South Africa, namely Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Northern Cape because these provinces produce 96% of the deciduous fruit in South Africa. Deciduous fruit industry was chosen because it is one of the important high value chains within the South African agriculture. Deciduous fruit refers to the fruit trees that lose their leaves during winter. The deciduous fruits includes apples, peaches, pears, nectarines, plums, peaches, apricots and cherries. The deciduous fruit industry has well developed value chains and is labour, capital and technology intensive which makes it very challenging for new entrants. The results of the cost model, indicated that direct financial costs, psychological cost and regulatory and compliance costs have a positive and significant relationship with cost to participate in the value chain. It is therefore concluded that these constructs constitute a good measure of the cost to farmers of participating in the value chain and argued that the costs highlighted above constitute a more complete construct to consider and could be a determining factor for participation. On the experiential value model, the study revealed that feel experience, satisfaction and think experience have a positive and significant relationship with experiential value and therefore are the distinct dimensions of experiential value. It is therefore inferred that these three constructs – feel experience, satisfaction, and think experience – constitute a distinct measure of experiential value for smallholder farmers participating in the deciduous fruit value chain. In the functional value model, all the constructs – product upgrading, process upgrading, functional upgrading and access to finance – had a positive and significant relationship with functional value. The results shown in this study indicate that through participation in the value chain, smallholder farmers gain access to the requisite investment possibilities through timely and affordable access to finance. Based on the findings, smallholder farmers incur costs from participating in the value chain; therefore, there is a need for policy interventions focusing on reducing these costs. The study recommends lowering of transaction costs through use of digital innovation, improved coordination and organisation of smallholder farmers’ and collaborations between public–private institutions participation in the value chain. Improved coordination and organisation could also reduce the number of transactions for the processors and exporters in the value chain, thereby reducing the cost to farmers. Coordination with fellow producers to increase economies of scale for the supply of produce could also reduce transaction costs. Furthermore, coordination and organisation of smallholder farmers strengthens their voices and improves their bargaining power in the negotiation of contract schemes and funding/financing mechanisms, and thus reduces costs of participating in the value chain. Collective action is a vital feature of public–private partnerships and can help to reduce transaction costs and promote participation of smallholder farmers in the value chain. There is a need for public–private partnerships within the value chain. This collaboration could include public institutions, agribusiness companies, financial institutions, non-governmental organisations, agro-enterprises, farmer organisations and individual farmers. Government should be supportive of these formations and have open channels of communication. The development and integration of smallholder framers into high value chains necessitates a fundamental reconsideration of the role of government in policy making. In this study, it was found that access to finance is another dimension of smallholder farmer upgrading strategies. Government intervention could take the form of provision of a regulatory and legal framework, which is required for these mechanisms to function. Government could also play a role in co-financing seed money to facilitate the start-up of these instruments/mechanisms.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Integrasie en ontwikkeling van kleinboere in die sagtevrugte-waardekettings bly ’n uitdaging en kleinboere sukkel om met groot kommersiële produsente mee te ding. Soos in enige ander waardeketting waarby kleinboere betrokke is, is die mees vermelde rede vir die uitdaging van waardeketting-deelname deur kleinboere die kwessie van transaksiekoste. Verskeie ondersoeke het gelet op regstreekse koste wat met deelname in die waardeketting geassosieer word. Hierdie ondersoeke het egter nie ander verskuilde of ongedefinieerde koste, soos ekonomiese koste, regulatoriese of voldoeningskoste, sosiale en kulturele koste, en psigologiese koste ingesluit nie, wat ’n geweldige uitwerking op boere se deelname in die waardeketting kan hê. Dit laat ’n kennisgaping met die begrip van die omvattende koste wat deur kleinboere aangegaan word wat in die waardeketting deelneem. ’n Raamwerk is ontwikkel en herskep tot ’n kostemodel met ooreenstemmende hipoteses wat gebruik kon word om hierdie kostekonstrukte te bestudeer. In hierdie raamwerk is ’n endogene latente veranderlike ‘koste om deel te neem’ ontwikkel met vyf eksogene latente veranderlikes: direkte finansiële koste, ekonomiese koste, psigologiese koste, regulatoriese en voldoeningskoste, en sosiale en kulturele koste. Daar is veronderstel dat al hierdie koste ’n positiewe verhouding het met die koste van deelname in die waardeketting en moontlik deelname sou kon bepaal. Deelname van kleinboere in die waardeketting word ook bepaal deur die vermoë om waarde te bemeester, wat in verskillende stadiums en deur verskillende bewerkers in die waardeketting geskep word. Nog eens het verskillende ondersoeke gekonsentreer op die evaluering van kleinboer-opgradering, waarna verwys word as funksionele waarde, as ’n voordeel tot deelname in die waardeketting. Min aandag is egter verleen aan die bemeestering van hulle ervaringswaarde van deelname in die waardeketting. Bewys van ervaringswaarde vir die kleinboere wat in die waardeketting deelneem, is belangrik om die omvattende waardeproposisie te begryp. Met hierdie uitgangspunt is ’n raamwerk en ervaringswaardemodel ontwikkel om die ervaringswaarde vir kleinboere wat in die waardeketting deelneem empiries te ondersoek. In hierdie raamwerk is ’n endogene latente veranderlike ervaringswaarde ontwikkel, met vyf eksogene latente veranderlikes: optrede-ervaring, ervaring van gevoel, verslagdoening-ervaring, opbrengs op belegging, bevrediging en denkervaring. Vyf hipoteses is ontwikkel om hierdie konstrukte wat by die model inbegrepe was te evalueer. Vermoë om waarde te bemeester, waarna in hierdie studie as funksionele waarde verwys word, vereis finansiële beleggings en toegang tot finansies raak dus van kritieke belang in die proses van kleinboerintegrasie in die waardeketting. Toegang tot finansies word dikwels as ’n groot struikelblok vermeld vir kleinboer-deelname in die waardeketting. ’n Konseptuele raamwerk is ontwikkel en tot ’n funksionele waarde-model met vier hipoteses getransformeer om hierdie konstrukte te ondersoek. Hierdie raamwerk bestaan uit ’n endogene latente veranderlike, funksionele waarde, met vier eksogene latente veranderlikes: produkopgradering, prosesopgradering, funksionele opgradering en toegang tot finansies. Om die resultate van die modelle te ontleed, is ’n Gedeeltelike Kleinstekwadrate- Strukturele Gelykstelling-modelleringstegniek gebruik met Smart PLS-programmatuur en Statistical Package vir die sosiale wetenskappe. Strukturele Gelykstelling-modellering (SEM) is ’n belangrike statistiese instrument in sosiale en gedragswetenskappe en het ’n vermoë om nomologiese netwerke te modelleer deur teoretiese konsepte deur konstrukte uit te druk en hierdie konstrukte via ’n strukturele model te verbind om hulle verhoudings te bestudeer. Weens die feit dat die studie ondersoekende navorsingskonstrukte wat minder ontwikkeld was of nog teoretiese ontwikkeling nodig het nagaan, is die Strukturele Gelykstelling-modelleringstegniek as toepaslik bevind. Die studie het primêre data gebruik wat versamel is van 101 kleinboere wat in die sagtevrugte-waardeketting van drie provinsies van Suid-Afrika, naamlik die Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap en Noord-Kaap, deelgeneem het, omrede hierdie provinsies 96% van die sagtevrugte in Suid-Afrika produseer. Die sagtevrugtebedryf is gekies omdat dit een van die belangrike hoëwaardekettings in die Suid-Afrikaanse landbou is. Sagtevrugte verwys na die vrugtebome wat hulle blare gedurende die winter verloor. Die sagtevrugte sluit appels, pere, nektariens, pruime, perskes, appelkose en kersies in. Die sagtevrugtebedryf het goed ontwikkelde waardekettings en is arbeids-, kapitaal- en tegnologie-intensief, wat dit baie uitdagend vir nuwe toetreders maak. Die resultate van die kostemodel het aangedui dat direkte finansiële koste, psigologiese koste en regulatoriese en voldoeningskoste ’n positiewe en betekenisvolle verhouding met koste het om in die waardeketting deel te neem. Daar word dus tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat dié konstrukte ’n goeie mate van boere se koste vir deelname in die waardeketting uitmaak en daar word aangevoer dat die bovermelde koste ’n meer volledige konstruk vorm om te oorweeg en dat dit ’n bepalende faktor vir deelname kan wees. In die ervaringswaardemodel het die studie getoon dat ervaring van gevoel, bevrediging en denkervaring ’n positiewe en beduidende verhouding met ervaringswaarde het en dus die onmiskenbare dimensies van ervaringswaarde is. Daar word derhalwe afgelei dat hierdie drie konstrukte – ervaring van gevoel, bevrediging en denkervaring – ’n duidelike mate van ervaringswaarde het vir kleinboere wat in die sagtevrugte-waardeketting deelneem. In die funksionele waarde-model het al die konstrukte – produkopgradering, prosesopgradering, funksionele opgradering en toegang tot finansies – ’n positiewe en beduidende verhouding met funksionele waarde. Die resultate wat in hierdie studie getoon word, dui daarop dat kleinboere, deur deelname in die waardeketting, toegang verkry tot die nodige beleggingsmoontlikhede deur middel van tydige en bekostigbare toegang tot finansies. Gebaseer op dié bevindings gaan kleinboere koste aan vanweë deelname in die waardeketting; dus is daar ’n behoefte aan beleidsingrypings met die fokus op vermindering van hierdie koste. Die studie beveel ’n vermindering van transaksiekoste aan deur gebruik van digitale innovering, verbeterde koördinasie en organisering van kleinboere en samewerking tussen openbare–private instellings wat van die waardeketting deel vorm. Beter koördinasie en organisering kan ook die aantal transaksies vir die prosesseerders en uitvoerders in die waardeketting verminder, waardeur die koste vir boere verminder word. Koördinasie met medeprodusente om skaalbesparings vir die voorsiening van produkte te verbeter kan ook transaksiekoste verminder. Koördinasie en organisering van kleinboere versterk dus ook hulle stemme en verbeter hul bedingingsvermoë in die onderhandeling van kontrakskemas en befondsings/finansieringsmeganismes en verminder dus die koste van deelname in die waardeketting. Kollektiewe aksie is ’n noodsaaklike eienskap van openbare–private vennootskappe en kan help om transaksiekoste te verminder en deelname van kleinboere in die waardeketting te bevorder. Daar is ’n behoefte aan openbare–private vennootskappe binne die waardeketting. Hierdie samewerking sou openbare instellings, landbousakemaatskappye, finansiële instellings, nie-regeringsorganisasies, agro-ondernemings, boereorganisasies en individuele boere kon insluit. Die regering behoort hierdie strukture te ondersteun en oop kommunikasiekanale te handhaaf. Die ontwikkeling en integrasie van kleinboere in hoëwaardekettings noodsaak ’n fundamentele heroorweging van die rol van die regering in beleidsbepaling. In hierdie studie is bevind dat toegang tot finansies nog ’n dimensie van kleinboer-opgraderingstrategieë is. Regeringsingryping sou die vorm kon aanneem van voorsiening van ’n regulatoriese en regsraamwerk, wat noodsaaklik is vir die funksionering van hierdie meganismes. Die regering sou ook ’n rol kon speel in die medefinansiering van aanvangskapitaal om die begin van hierdie instrumente/meganismes te fasiliteer.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Fruit trade -- Costs -- South Africa, Subsistence farming -- South Africa -- Economic aspects, Agricultural value chains -- South Africa, UCTD
Citation