Evaluating the potential biological control of Margarodes prieskaensis using South African entomopathogenic fungi, and/or entomopathogenic nematodes

Date
2023-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Margarodes prieskaensis (Jakubski) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) occurs naturally in the Northern Cape, Limpopo and Mpumalanga in South Africa, where it is a serious pest on table and raisin grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) The larvae of M. prieskaensis feed on grapevine roots, causing poor growth and reduced vigor which eventually result in the death of the infested plant. Currently, there are no chemicals registered for the control of M. prieskaensis in South Africa, and no resistant rootstocks or natural enemies of M. prieskaensis have been identified to date. The aim of the study was to investigate the potential of local entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) to control M. prieskaensis females in table and raisin grapes. Six local EPF isolates, obtained from the Stellenbosch University collection, were screened for their pathogenicity against M. prieskaensis females under laboratory and semi-field conditions: Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium robertsii, M. pinghaense, M. brunneum, M. majus and M. anisopliae performed the best and achieved high percentages of infection and mortality and were selected for subsequent trials. The other local EPF isolates did not perform adequately, even though infection did occur and thus warrant further investigation. Metarhizium pinghaense outcompeted M. majus in the concentration trials, especially in terms of overall infection success, however both EPF had a high infection success rate. In semi-field trials where M. majus and M. pinghaense were evaluated under optimal conditions, M. majus was outperformed by M. pinghaense, producing higher levels of mycosisi n insect cadavers. The EPF treatments showed high infection rates, while there was no infection in the untreated control. However, the efficacy of the EPF in inducing M. prieskaensis mortality could not be determined accurately due to high levels of insect mortality in the control. Field trials were conducted in the Northern Cape and Limpopo to test the efficacy of M. pinghaense to control females of M. prieskaensis. The infection rate was significantly lower than in the laboratory and semi-field trials. Moisture, temperature ranges and other environmental factors can affect the efficiency of EPF in the soil. Limpopo experienced more optimal temperatures during the trial, with an average infection rate of 28,98%. The trial site in the Northern Cape experienced harsher environmental conditions with extremely cold temperatures during the trial period, resulting in a lower infection rate of 24,61%. Solar radiation also possibly contributed to the overall lower infection rate during the field trials. Suitable formulations of EPF could possibly reduce the dire impact of environmental factors like extreme temperatures, low humidity and solar radiation. The field trials in the Northern Cape also assessed the efficacy of a local EPN species, Steinernema yirgalemense to control females of M. prieskaensis. Overall, little to no infection was achieved. Margarodes prieskaensis presents challenges to field applications of EPN and S. yirgalemense was unable to reproduce within the M. prieskaensis females, indicating that it is possible that M. prieskaensis either inhibit the symbiotic bacteria secreted by the EPN or that the females secrete repellent volatiles that preventinfestation. Before attempts are made to test other EPN species against this pest, the possibility that M. prieskaensis females can inhibit EPN infestation warrants further investigation. A combined application of S. yirgalemense and M. pinghaense was also included in the field trials. The infection rate for both the EPN (3.7%) and EPF (11.1%) was low in the combination application, with indications of antagonism between the EPF and EPN. This might explain why the infection rate for M. pinghaense was lower in the combination treatment than when applied on its own. This should be resolved before further studies with combined applications are done. This study is the first to show that females of M. prieskaensis are susceptible to infection by EPF species and that their use as biocontrol agents warrants further investigation. Male pre-pupae of M. prieskaensis spend between 30 and 50 days just underneath the soil surface before developing into pupae and should also be investigated as targets for biocontrol. It is therefore recommended that the use of EPF as a soil drench application against the pre- pupae should be investigated. This study provided crucial baseline information on the efficacy of local EPF and EPN against M. prieskaensis females. For future studies on EPF to control M. prieskaensis, it would be beneficial to resolve the problems identified in this study, including the method of collecting and handling M. prieskaensis females, and adequate formulation of EPF for protection against environmental factors.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Margarodes prieskaensis (Jakubski) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) kom natuurlik voor in die Noord-Kaap, Limpopo en Mpumalanga in Suid-Afrika, waar dit 'n ernstige plaag op tafel- en rosyntjiedruiwe (Vitis vinifera L.) is. Die larwes voed op wingerdwortels, wat lei tot swak groei en uiteindelik tot die dood van die besmette plant. Daar is tans geen chemikalieë vir die beheer van margarodes in Suid-Afrika geregistreer nie, en geen weerstandbiedende onderstamme of natuurlike vyande van M. prieskaensis is tot op hede geïdentifiseer nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die potensiaal van plaaslike entomopatogeniese fungi (EPF) en entomopatogeniese nematode (EPN) vir die beheer van M. prieskaensis wyfies in tafel- en droogdruiwe te ondersoek. Ses plaaslike EPF isolate is getoets vir hul patogenisiteit teen M. prieskaensis wyfies onder laboratorium- en semi-veldtoestande; Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium robertsii, M. pinghaense, M. brunneum, M. majus en M. anisopliae. Almal was afkomstig uit die versameling van die Universiteit Stellenbosch. M. majus en M. pinghaense het die beste gevaar met hoë persentasies infeksie en sterftes. Die ander isolate het nie voldoende presteer nie, alhoewel infeksie wel plaasgevind het en dus verdere ondersoek regverdig. M. pinghaense het M. majus in die konsentrasieproewe oortref, veral wat algehele infeksiesukses betref, maar beide EPF het hoë infeksie sukses behaal. In semi-veldproewe waar M. majus en M. pinghaense onder optimale toestande getoets is, het M. majus minder optimaal presteer. M. pinghaense het hoër vlakke van mikose op insekkadawers geproduseer. As gevolg van die hoë infeksiesyfers wat deur EPF- behandelings behaal is, kan ons aanvaar dat EPF-infeksie die primêre oorsaak van sterftes was, alhoewel sterftes ook hoog was vir onbehandelde wyfies. Veldproewe is in die Noord-Kaap en Limpopo gedoen om die doeltreffendheid van M. pinghaense vir beheer van M. prieskaensis wyfies te ondersoek. Die infeksiekoers was aansienlik laer as in die laboratorium- en semi-veldproewe. Vog, temperatuur en ander omgewingsfaktore kan die doeltreffendheid van EPF in die grond beïnvloed. Limpopo het meer optimale temperature tydens die proefperiode ervaar, met 'n gemiddelde infeksiekoers van 28,98%. Die perseel in die Noord- Kaap het strawwer omgewingstoestande met uiters koue temperature tydens die proefperiode ervaar, wat gelei het tot 'n laer infeksiekoers van 24,61%. Sonstraling het ook moontlik bygedra tot die algehele laer infeksiekoers tydens die veldproewe. Beter formulasies van EPF kan moontlik die ernstige impak van omgewingsfaktore soos uiterste temperature, lae humiditeit en sonstraling verminder. Die veldproewe in die Noord-Kaap en Limpopo het ook die doeltreffendheid van 'n plaaslike EPN- spesie, Steinernema yirgalemense, vir die beheer van M. prieskaensis wyfies ondersoek. Oor die algemeen is min tot geen infeksie gevind nie. Margarodes prieskaensis bied uitdagings aan veldtoepassings vanEPN en S. yirgalemense kon nie binne die margarodes wyfies voortplant nie. Dit kan moontlik daaraan toegeskryf word dat die margarodes die simbiotiese bakterieë wat deur die EPN afgeskei word, inhibeer, of dat die wyfies afwerende vlugtige stowwe afskei wat infeksie verhoed. Hierdie moontlikhede moet in gedagte gehou word indien verdere studies beplan word om ander EPN- spesies teen hierdie plaag te toets. ‘n Kombinasie van S. yirgalemense en M. pinghaense is ook in die veldproewe getoets. Die infeksiekoers vir beide die EPN (3.7%) en EPF (11.1%) was baie laag, met indikasies van antagonisme tussen die organismes. Laasgenoemde mag verklaar waarom die infeksiekoers vir M. pinghaense in die kombinasiebehandeling laer was as in die behandeling waar dit alleen toegedien is. Die moontlikheid van antagonisme behoort uitgeklaar te word voordat verdere studies met kombinasiebehandelings oorweeg word. Hierdie is die eerste studie wat gewys het dat wyfies van M. prieskaensis vatbaar is vir infeksie deur EPF-spesies en dat hul gebruik as biobeheermiddels verdere ondersoek regverdig. Manlike pre- papies van M. prieskaensis spandeer tussen 30 en 50 dae vlak onder die grondoppervlak voordat hulle inpapies ontwikkel. Daar word aanbeveel dat die gebruik van EPF as 'n gronddeurdrenkingstoediening teen pre-papies ondersoek word. Hierdie studie het belangrike basislyninligting verskaf oor die doeltreffendheid van plaaslike EPF en EPN teen M. Prieskaensis wyfies. Toekomstige studies oor die gebruik van EPF om hierdie plaag te beheer, sal eers probleme wat in hierdie studie geïdentifiseer is, insluitend die metode om margarodes-wyfies in die te versamel en hanteer, asook toepaslike formulering van EPF vir beskerming teen omgewingsfaktore, moet aanspreek.
Description
Thesis (MScConsEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
Keywords
Margarodes prieskaensis -- South Africa, Biological pest control agents, Entomopathogenic fungi -- Control, Entomopathogenic nematodes -- Parasites -- Biological control, Environmental aspects, UCTD
Citation