Arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonisation and the subsequent host plant response in young grapevines in a South African commercial vineyard

Date
2003-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi facilitate the uptake of nutrients, improve growth and alleviate drought stress in grapevines. Consequently, AM fungal root colonisation contributes to the optimum performance of grapevines. It is for this reason that young grapevines are sometimes inoculated with commercial AM fungal strains to reduce environmental stresses during transplant. In the past, soil fumigation has often been considered as a prerequisite for soil conditioning with commercial AM fungal strains. However, grape growers opting to inoculate with these fungal strains will have to do so in unfumigated soils, since the use of fumigants in South African agricultural soils is currently being phased out. Since little is known about the nature and scope of indigenous AM fungi that may be present in SA vineyard soils, it is difficult to predict the grapevine's response to artificial inoculation in soils already containing adequate concentrations of these fungi. In the first part of the study, commercially available AM inocula were tested under field conditions that would prevail on a typical farm. This entailed measuring vine growth, nutrition, drought stress resistance and percentage root colonisation, over two consecutive seasons, from the onset of planting new commercial grapevines. The field trial carried out at Groenland, a commercial farm in the Stellenbosch Region. Merlot grafted onto 101-14 Mgt, 110 Richter (110 R) and 99 Richter (99 R), was planted in December 1998. These rootstocks were selected to accommodate different soil forms: 101-14 Mgt and 110 R on a Westleigh soil form, which was ridged and 99 R on an unridged Fernwood soil form. Vine roots were inoculated during planting with different AM inocula, i.e. Biocult®, Vaminoc" and Glomus sp. 1054. One treatment was left uninoculated and treated with a combination of the fungicides Benlate" (active ingredient: benomyl) and Rovral Flo® (active ingredient: iprodione). The control received neither fungicides nor inocula. Microscopic examination of the vine roots revealed that, apart from a significantly higher level of root colonisation observed in Biocult-treated 99 R vines during the first season, the level of AM root colonisation was similar in both the uninoculated (control) and inoculated vines. Infected control vines indicated that indigenous AM fungi were present in the vineyard soil. This level ranged between 40% and 85%, and 70% and 90% in the first and second season, respectively. Apart from the significant growth improvement observed in 110 R vines inoculated with Glomus sp. 1054 during the first season, no growth improvement was observed for the other rootstocks or treatments. Furthermore, generally no alleviation of water stress and nutritional benefits could be detected for both the seasons. Despite this, less than 1% dieback was recorded for the vines. In the second part of the study, additional information on the diversity of indigenous AM fungal species was obtained, which included the quantification and identification of these fungi present in the soil. The AM fungal spore numbers in the vineyard soil ranged from 1000 to 3779 spores/100 g dry soil. The results confirmed that the majority of AM fungal species found in the soil was not part of the commercial inocula, but originated either from the vineyard and/or the nursery where the vines were obtained. The uncovered AM fungal species belong to the genera Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora. This is similar to the AM fungal genera recorded in vineyards by other workers. To the best of our knowledge, this study provided the first documented evidence on the diversity of indigenous AM fungi present in SA vineyard soils. Although it may be preliminary in nature, the results clearly showed that a wide diversity and abundance of indigenous AM fungal populations may occur in a typical SA vineyard. Depending on the superiority and possible masking effects on the part of the indigenous AM fungal populations, positive responses to inoculation with commercial AM fungal strains in grapevines grown in such vineyard soils may consequently be unlikely. Thus, before reconditioning of vineyard soils with these fungi can commence, it is essential for farmers to first assess the mycorrhizal status of their soils and nursery vines. Since the majority of SA farmers are not yet familiar with inoculation practices and are still unacquainted with the mycorrhizal status of their soils, the findings from this study could be of great benefit to particularly wine grape growers opting to inoculate with commercial AM fungal strains on a large-scale.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Blaasagtige Struikvormige Mikorrisa (BSM) swamme bevorder die opname van voedingstowwe, verbeter groei en verlig droogtestres in wingerd. Gevolglik is die kolonisasie van wingerdwortels deur hierdie swamme voordelig om die prestasie van wingerd te optimiseer. Om hierdie rede word jong wingerd somtyds op kommersiële skaal met mikorrisa swamme geïnokuleer om omgewingstres tydens oorplanting te oorkom of te verminder. In die verlede is grondberoking dikwels as 'n voorvereiste beskou vir grondkondisionering met kommersiële BSM swamme. Boere wat van voorneme is om met BSM te inokuleer, sal dit egter in onberookte grond moet doen, aangesien beroking tans in SA uitfasseer word. Omdat daar baie min bekend is oor die voorkoms en aard van inheemse mikorrisa spesies, is dit moeilik om te voorspel wat die wingerdreaksie na kunsmatige inokulasie sal wees in grond wat reeds genoegsame konsentrasies mikorrisa swamme bevat. In die eerste deel van die studie is kommersieel beskikbare BSM inokulums getoets onder veld kondisies wat op 'n tipiese plaas sou heers. Dit het die meting van groei, voeding, droogtestres en persentasie wortel kolonisasie van jong wingerd oor twee opeenvolgende seisoene ingesluit en het onmiddelik 'n aanvang geneem na die jong wingerdstokkies geplant is. Die proef is op die plaas Groenland, net buite Stellenbosch uitgevoer. Merlot, geênt op 101-14 Mgt, 110 Richter (110 R) and 99 Richter (99 R), is geplant in Desember 1998. Die onderstokke 101-14 Mgt en 110 R was geplant op operdwalle op 'n Westleigh grondvorm en 99 Rop 'n Fernwood grondvorm (geen operdwalle nie). Wingerdwortels is tydens plant geïnokuleer met verskillende BSM inokulums. Die inokulums was Biocult, Vaminoc and Glomus sp. 1054. Een behandeling was ongeïnokuleerd gelaat en behandel met 'n kombinasie van die swamdoders Benlate" (aktiewe bestandeel: benomiel) en Rovral Flo® (aktiewe bestandeel: iprodioon). Die kontrole het nóg swamdoder nóg inokulum ontvang. Mikroskopiese ondersoeke het getoon dat behalwe vir 'n betekenisvolle hoër vlak van wortelkolonisasie by die Biocult-behandelde 99 R stokke, die vlak van wortelkolonisasie in ongeïnokuleerde (kontrole) en geïnokuleerde wingerdstokke soortgelyk was. Gekoloniseerde kontrole stokke het gedui op die teenwoordigheid van inheemse BSM fungi in die wingerdgrond. Die vlak van gekoloniseerde stokke het tussen 40% en 85% tydens die eerste seisoen en tussen 70% en 90% tydens die tweede seisoen varieer. Behalwe vir 'n betekenisvolle toename in groei wat tydens die eerste seisoen by 110 R stokke, geïnokuleer met Glomus sp. 1054 waargeneem is, is geen ander groeiverbeterings by ander stokke of behandelings waargeneem nie. Verder kon geen algemene verligting van waterstres en voedingsvoordele tydens beide seisoene waargeneem word nie. Ten spyte hiervan, is minder as 1% terugsterwing aangeteken vir die wingerdplante. In die tweede deel van die studie is addisionele inligting bekom rakende die diversiteit van inheemse SSM spesies. Dit het die kwantifisering en identifisering van SSM swamme ingesluit. Die SSM spoorgetalle in die wingerdgrond het tussen 1000 en 3779/100 g droë grond varieer. Die resultate het bevestig dat die meerderheid SSM spesies wat in die wingerdgrond teenwoordig was, nie deel van die oorspronklike kommersiële inokulums was nie en was óf inheems tot die wingerd óf het sy oorsprong in die kwekery vanwaar die wingerdplante afkomstig is. Die spesies wat identifiseer is, is die van die genera Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora. Dit stem ooreen met SSM genera wat voorheen al in wingerd geïdentifiserd is. Tot die beste van ons wete, is hierdie studie die eerste van sy soort in 'n SA wingerd. Hoewel die studie voorlopig van aard is, wys die studie duidelik dat 'n wye diversiteit en genoegsame hoeveelhede natuurlike populasie SSM swamme in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse wingerd mag voorkom en dat kunsmatige toediening van kommersiële SSM swamme onder hierdie kondisies, nie noemenswaardige voordele vir die wingerd inhou nie. Daarom is dit van kardinale belang vir boere om eers vertroud te raak met die SSM status van hulle wingerdgronde alvorens hulle met SSM swamme op groot skaal inokuleer. Aangesien die meerderheid SA boere nog nie vertroud is met die inokulasie prosedure nie, kan die inligting wat uit hierdie studie gegenereer is, baie voordelig wees vir boere wat oorweeg om op groot skaal met SSM te inokuleer.
Description
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
Keywords
Mycorrhizal fungi, Mycorrhizas in agriculture, Plant-fungus relationships, Viticulture -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Dissertations -- Microbiology
Citation