The influence of parental immigration status on outcomes of children with severe acute malnutrition at Worcester Provincial Hospital

Date
2021-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2022
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) accounts for ±30% of in-hospital deaths in South Africa. Children of immigrants with vulnerable legal status are also vulnerable to malnutrition as they have limited economic rights and are excluded from national social interventions. As there is often a perception that children of immigrant parents with SAM do worse than other children, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between parent immigrant status and outcomes of children with SAM admitted to Worcester Provincial Hospital (WPH), a rural regional hospital in the Western Cape. The primary objective was to compare in-hospital outcomes of children with SAM who had immigrant parents with those who had South African parents. The secondary objectives were: 1) to estimate the proportion of children admitted with SAM whose parents were immigrants; 2) to describe socio-economic, nutritional and medical characteristics associated with severe acute malnutrition. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of children <5 years with SAM, admitted to WPH, between 01 June 2015 and 30 June 2017 was conducted. Participants were identified from the dietician and ward registers. SAM was defined as WHO weight-for-height Z-score below minus 3 or the presence of nutritional oedema or severe wasting with a MUAC less than 11.5cm (19,20). Hospital records and regional dietician’s notes were used to determine outcomes including in-hospital death, recurrent admission and discharged without readmission. Results: A total of 109 children were admitted to WPH with SAM, 14 (13%) were excluded due to missing records, resulting in a final sample of 95 children. Thirty one children (33%) were children of immigrant parents and 64 (67%) were children of South African parents. Median (interquartile range) age at admission was 12 (8-18) compared to 10 (8-13) months in children of South African and immigrant parents respectively. No significant difference was seen in the age or HIV status of immigrant compared to South African mothers. There was no difference between groups in preterm delivery, breastfeeding practices, concurrent illness, duration of hospital stay or number of previous admissions. However, 24 (38%) children of South African parents had low birth weight in comparison to 3 (10%) children of immigrant parents. No children of immigrant parents received a child support grant in comparison to 29 (45%) South African children. Sixty one (95%) children of South African parents were discharged well compared to 23 (74%) children of immigrant parents (p=0.005). In-hospital deaths occurred in 6 (19%) and 3 (5%) children of immigrant and South African parents respectively. One specific deeply impoverished neighbourhood accounted for 52/95 (51%) children admitted with SAM and 24/31 (77%) children of immigrant parents. By multivariable analysis correcting for possible factors associated with child mortality there was an at least four times greater odds of in-hospital SAM-associated mortality among children of immigrant compared to South African parents. Conclusion: In this rural setting, 33% of children admitted with SAM were of immigrant parents and experienced in-hospital SAM-associated mortality at least four times higher than children of South African parents. This was despite no difference in birth weight, gestational age and breastfeeding exposure, suggesting a role for socioeconomic factors associated with migration and vulnerability of children of immigrant parents.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Ernstige akute wanvoeding (“SAM”) is verantwoordelik vir ±30% van alle sterftes in Suid-Afrikaanse hospitale. Kinders van immigrante is veral kwesbaar vir wanvoeding aangesien twyfelagtige regstatus beperkte ekonomiese regte sowel as uitsluiting van nasionale maatskaplike intervensies tot gevolg het. Weens die algemene opvatting dat SAM-geaffekteerde kinders van immigrantouers slegter as ander kinders vaar, was die doel van hierdie studie om die verwantskap te evalueer tussen ouers se immigrantstatus en die uitkomste van kinders met SAM wat in die Worcester Provinsiale Hospitaal (WPH), ’n landelike streekshospitaal in die Wes-Kaap, opgeneem word. Die primêre doelwit was om die hospitaaluitkomste van SAM-geaffekteerde kinders van immigrantouers met dié van kinders van Suid-Afrikaanse ouers te vergelyk. Die sekondêre doelwitte was: 1) om te bepaal watter persentasie van kinders met SAM wat in die hospitaal opgeneem word immigrantouers het; en 2) om die sosio-ekonomiese, voedings- en mediese kenmerke te beskryf wat met ernstige akute wanvoeding saamhang. Metodes: ’n Retrospektiewe kohortstudie is onderneem van kinders onder vyfjarige ouderdom wat tussen Junie 2015 en Junie 2017 met SAM in WPH opgeneem is. Deelnemers is uit die dieetkundige se rekords en saalregisters geïdentifiseer. SAM is gedefinieer as ’n WGO-z-syfer onder minus3 vir gewig vir lengte, ernstige uittering met ’n middelboarmomtrek (MUAC) van minder as 11,5 cm of die aanwesigheid van voedingsedeem (uithongeringsiekte) (19,20). Ernstige uittering is geïdentifiseer deur ’n middelboarmomtrek (MUAC) van minder as 11,5 cm, of ’n gewig-vir-lengte-syfer onder minus3 op die WGO se groeikaarte (20). Hospitaallêers en die streeksdieetkundige se aantekeninge is gebruik om uitkomste vas te stel, waaronder hospitaalsterfte, herhalende opname, en ontslag sonder heropname. Resultate: Altesaam 109 kinders is met SAM in WPH opgeneem, van wie 14 (13%) uitgesluit is weens ontbrekende rekords, wat dus ’n finale steekproef van 95 kinders opgelewer het. Een-en-dertig van hierdie kinders (33%) se ouers was immigrante, en 64 (67%) se ouers was Suid-Afrikaanse burgers. Die mediaanouderdom (interkwartielvariasiewydte) by opname was 12 maande (8-18) by die kinders van Suid-Afrikaanse ouers, vergeleke met 10 maande (8-13) by kinders van immigrantouers. Geen beduidende verskil is opgemerk wat betref die ouderdom of MIV-status van immigrant- teenoor Suid-Afrikaanse ma’s nie. Daar was ook geen verskil tusen groepe met betrekking tot premature geboorte, borsvoedingspraktyke, die gelyktydige voorkoms van ander siektes, duur van hospitaalverblyf óf getal vorige hospitaalopnames nie. Nietemin het 24 (38%) kinders van Suid-Afrikaanse ouers ’n lae geboortegewig gehad, teenoor slegs drie (10%) kinders van immigrantouers. Geen kinders van immigrantouers het ’n kindertoelaag ontvang nie, vergeleke met 29 (45%) Suid-Afrikaanse kinders. Een-en-sestig (95%) kinders van Suid-Afrikaanse ouers is gesond ontslaan, teenoor 23 (74%) kinders van immigrantouers (p=0.005). Ses (19%) kinders van immigrantouers en drie (5%) kinders van Suid-Afrikaanse ouers het in die hospitaal gesterf. Een bepaalde, uiters arm woonbuurt het 52/95 (51%) van alle kinders wat met SAM opgeneem is, opgelewer, en 24/31 (77%) van die kinders van immigrantouers. Volgens ’n meerveranderlike-ontleding wat voorsiening maak vir moontlike faktore wat met kindersterfte verband hou, was die kans dat kinders van immigrantouers in die hospitaal aan SAM-verwante oorsake sou sterf 12,9 keer groter (95% vertrouensinterval 0.91, 182.5) as vir kinders van Suid-Afrikaanse ouers. Gevolgtrekking: In hierdie landelike omgewing het 33% van kinders wat met SAM in die hospitaal opgeneem is immigrantouers gehad, en was hulle risiko om in die hospitaal aan SAM-verwante oorsake te sterf 12 keer hoër as dié van kinders van Suid-Afrikaanse ouers. Nogtans was daar geen verskille in geboortegewig, swangerskapsduur en borsvoedingsblootstelling nie, wat daarop dui dat sosio-ekonomiese faktore wat met migrasie en die kwesbaarheid van kinders van immigrantouers verband hou moontlik ’n rol speel.
Description
Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2021
Keywords
Malnutrition in children -- South Africa, Parental immigration -- South Africa, Children of immigrants -- South Africa, UCTD
Citation