HIV and antiretroviral therapy are independently associated with cardiometabolic variables and cardiac electrical activity in adults from the Western Cape Region of South Africa
Date
2021-09
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
MDPI
Abstract
Cardiovascular-related complications are on the rise in people with HIV/AIDS (PWH);
however, the relationship among HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-related parameters, cardiovascular
risk, and cardiac electrical activity in PWH remain poorly studied, especially in sub-Saharan
African populations. We investigated whether HIV and ART are associated with cardiometabolic and
cardiac electrical activity in PWH from Worcester in theWestern Cape Province, South Africa. This
was a cross-sectional study with HIV-negative (HIV�����, n = 24) and HIV-positive on ART (HIV+/ART+,
n = 63) participants. We obtained demographic, lifestyle, and medical history data and performed anthropometric,
clinical assessments, and blood/urine biochemistry. We performed multiple stepwise
linear regression analyses to determine independent associations among HIV, ART, cardiometabolic,
and electrocardiographic (ECG) variables. HIV+/ART+ independently associated with a lower body
mass index (p = 0.004), elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase levels ( : 0.333 (0.130–0.573); p = 0.002),
and elevated alanine aminotransferase levels ( : 0.427 (0.224–0.629); p < 0.001) compared to HIV�����.
Use of second-line ART was positively associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p = 0.002).
Although ECG parameters did not differ between HIV����� and HIV+/ART+, viral load positively
associated with p-wave duration (0.306 (0.018–0.594); p = 0.038), and longer HIV duration ( 5 years)
with ST-interval (0.270 (0.003–0.537); p = 0.047) after adjusting for confounding factors. Our findings
suggest that HIV and ART are associated with mixed effects on this population’s cardiometabolic
profile and cardiac electrical activity, underpinning the importance of cardiovascular risk monitoring
in PWH.
Description
CITATION: Williams, C.; Kamau, F.M.; Everson, F.; Kgokane, B.; De Boever, P.; Goswami, N.;Webster, I.; Strijdom, H.
HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy Are Independently Associated with Cardiometabolic Variables and Cardiac Electrical Activity in Adults from the Western Cape Region of South Africa. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10,4112. doi.10.3390/jcm10184112
The original publication is available at: mdpi.com
The original publication is available at: mdpi.com
Keywords
Antiretroviral agents -- Side effects, HIV (Viruses), Electrocardiography, Cardiovascular system – Diseases, Electrocardiography
Citation
Williams, C.; Kamau, F.M.; Everson, F.; Kgokane, B.; De Boever, P.; Goswami, N.;Webster, I.; Strijdom, H.
HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy Are Independently Associated with Cardiometabolic Variables and Cardiac Electrical Activity in Adults from the Western Cape Region of South Africa. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10,4112. doi.10.3390/jcm10184112