Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-polypeptide based antitumor nanocarrier and cell viable ʟ-arginine, ʟ-aspartic acid and glycine terpolymer

Date
2018-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2018
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Currently, there are few pH responsive nanocarriers based on polypeptide hybrid copolymers, in which the bioactive molecule is conjugated through a degradable linker on the carrier. The first objective of the study, was to prepare a pH responsive nanocarrier based on poly[N-vinylpyrrolidone-b-poly(cysteine-co-glycine)] (PVP-PP) copolymer. The PVP-PP copolymer will be used to deliver an antitumor drug to pathological areas. The dual functional PVP macroinitiators, i.e. acetal-PVP-NH2 (ac-PVP-NH2) and PVP-NH2 were prepared through RAFT mediated polymerization with a phthalimide functionalized RAFT agent. To improve control over polymerization, semi-batch assisted polymerization was chosen followed by subsequent post-polymerization modification reactions to achieve the macroinitiators. Prior to PVP initiated copolymerizations of glycine N-carboxyanhydride NCA (Gly NCA) and S-benzyl-ʟ-cysteine NCA (Bz-Cys NCA), n-butylamine initiated copolymerization kinetics of the two NCAs were investigated to understand their reactivity towards a propagating primary amine end-capped chain. Subsequently PVP-PP block copolymers, with different block ratios and varying the overall copolymer length were prepared. The Bz protecting groups were removed from Cys pendant groups in the PP chain with HBr catalysed acidolysis, followed by conjugation of hydroxychloroquine drug to the free thiols via an acid labile linker. The PVP-PP/drug conjugates self-assembled to spherical micelles in aqueous solutions, the micelles were characterized with TEM and DLS techniques. In addition, drug release studies were carried out and the polymer-drug conjugates were evaluated for cell viability studies, where the released drug decreased cell viability of the Glioma cell lines. The second objective of the study was to prepare arginine (R)-glycine (G)-aspartic acid (D) RGD containing terpolypeptides via ring opening terpolymerizations of β-Bz-ʟ-aspartic acid NCA (Bz-Asp NCA), Gly NCA and Nδ-carbobenzyloxy-ʟ-ornithine (R′) NCA (Z-Orn NCA) (DGR′). The DGR′ sequence is the precursor to RGD sequence which is found in glycoproteins and promotes cell adhesion and proliferations. In the terpolymers, the natural RGD sequence is referred as DGR, due to the mechanism of ROP of NCAs adapted in the study, which proceeds from C- to N- terminus whilst peptide sequences are listed from N- to C- terminus. Binary copolymerizations of the three NCAs were investigated in order to understand their copolymerization kinetics and 6 reactivity ratios were obtained. The reactivity ratios were used to model terpolymerization of the NCAs and were found to define the terpolymerization of these NCAs. Hence, they were used in conjunction with statistical equations to maximize the probability of occurrence of the DGR′ sequence in terpolymers. Subsequently, the ornithine (R′) units in the terpolymers were converted to arginine units and terpolymers with high probability of DGR sequences displayed improved cell proliferation and process formation when compared to natural polymers with the RGD tripeptide sequence.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Daar is huidiglik min pH-responsiewe nanodraers gebaseer op polipeptied copolimere waarin die bioaktiewe molekule deur 'n afbreekbare linker op die draer gebind word. Die eerste doelwit van die studie was om 'n pH-responsiewe nanodraer gebaseer op ‘n poli[N-vinylpyrrolidon-b-poli(cysteïen-ko-glisien)] (PVP-PP) kopolimeer voor te berei. Die PVP-PP-kopolimeer sal gebruik word om 'n anti-tumor middel na patologiese gebiede te lewer. Die tweeledige funksionele PVP-makroinitiator, dws aketaal-PVP-NH2 (ac-PVP-NH2) en PVP-NH2, was deur middel van RAFT-gemedieerde polimerisasie met 'n ftalimid gefunctionaliseerde RAFT-middel uitgevoer. Om beheer oor polimerisasie te verbeter, is semi-batch polimerisasie gekies. Dit was gevolg deur postpolimerisasie aanpassingsreaksies om die makroinitiators vorm. Voordat PVP geïnisieerde kopolymerisasies van Glycine N-Karboxyanhydride NCA (Gly NCA) en S-Benzyl-ʟ-cysteïne NCA (Bz-Cys NCA) uitgevoer was, is n-butylamien-geïnisieerde kopolymerisasiekinetika van die twee NKV's ondersoek om hul reaktiwiteit tot ‘n primêre amien-afsluitingsketting te verstaan. Vervolgens is PVP-PP blok-kopolimere, met verskillende blokverhoudings en wisselende lengtes voorberei. Die Bz-beskermende groepe is verwyder vand die Cys-groepe in die PP-ketting met HBr-gekataliseerde suurolise, gevolg deur binding van ‘n hidroksikloorokinien-middel met ‘n vrye tiol om 'n suur labiele linker te vorm. Die PVP-PP-dwelmvervoegings het self-versamel om sferiese micelle in waterige oplossings te vorm. Die micelle is geidentifiseer deur TEM- en DLS-tegnieke. Daarbenewens is dwelmvrystellingstudies uitgevoer en die polimeer-dwelm-konjugate is geëvalueer vir selleerbaarheidstudies. Die vrygestelde dwelm het verlaagde sel lewensvatbaarheid van die Glioma sellyne gewys. Die tweede doel van die studie was om arginien (R) -glycien (G) -aspartiese suur (D) RGD terpolipeptiede deur middel van ringopening terpolymerisasies van β-Bz-ʟ-asparaginezuur NCA (Bz-Asp NCA), Gly NCA en N-karbobenzyloxy-ʟ-ornitien (R') NCA (Z-Orn NCA) (DGR') te sintiseer. Die DGR '-volgorde is die voorloper van die RGD-volgorde wat in glukoproteïene voorkom. In die terpolymere word die natuurlike RGD-volgorde na verwys as DGR. Dit is as gevolg van die meganisme van ROP van NCAs wat in die studie aangepas is. Binêre copolymerisasies van die drie NCAs was ondersoek om hul kopolymerisasie kinetika te verstaan en 6 reaktiwiteitsverhoudings is verkry. Die reaktiwiteitsverhoudings is gebruik om terpolymerisasie van die NCAs te modelleer en dit is gevind dat hulle die terpolymerisasie van hierdie NCAs definieer. Hulle is saam met statistiese vergelykings gebruik om die waarskynlikheid van voorkoms van die DGR'-volgorde in terpolymere te maksimeer. Vervolgens is die ornitien (R') eenhede in die terpolymere omgeskakel na arginien eenhede en terpolymere met hoë waarskynlikheid van DGR het verbeterde sel proliferasie en prosesvorming vertoon in vergelyking met natuurlike polimere met die RGD tripeptied volgorde.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2018
Keywords
Polypeptides -- Reactivity, Nanochemistry, Copolymers -- Reactivity, Polymerization, UCTD
Citation