Economic valuation and geographical settlement analysis of protected areas : cases of Kafue and South Luangwa National Parks
| dc.contributor.advisor | Blignaut, James | en_ZA |
| dc.contributor.author | Simuchimba, Grant | en_ZA |
| dc.contributor.other | Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. School of Public Leadership. | en_ZA |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2022-11-03T07:37:47Z | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2023-01-16T12:41:49Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2022-11-03T07:37:47Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2023-01-16T12:41:49Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2022-12 | |
| dc.description | Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2022. | en_ZA |
| dc.description.abstract | ENGLISH SUMMARY: The Kafue National Park (KNP) and the South Luangwa National Park (SLNP) are Zambia’s two socio-ecologically important conservation areas which boast a high diversity of wildlife. Tourism potential is high in both national parks with significant impacts on the local economies in close proximity. Tourism activities in the local economies could be described in terms of ‘effects’ or ‘impacts’ experienced directly, indirectly, by businesses, or induced by households. In 2015, a total of 12,550 and 46,257 tourists visited the KNP and the SLNP respectively, with an average spending per night/day ranging between ZMW1,086 and ZMW4,442 for day/self-drive visitors and between ZMW5,479 and ZMW12,698 for top-end lodges. The main objectives for this study included deriving multipliers that could be used for tourism economic impact assessments in rural area regions of Zambia, estimating the economic impacts of tourism on local areas, estimating the tourism economic leakage from local areas, and developing an understanding of the influence of geographies of settlements around the KNP and the SLNP. Tourism multipliers were derived from the Zambia’s Input-Output tables, available at the national level, which was rescaled to rural area level. A series of on-site intercept survey for visitors’ daily expenditures was conducted at randomly selected tourism facilities. To evaluate the total tourism economic impacts and leakage of tourism impacts, the Money Generation Model 2 (MGM2), adapted for country specific multipliers, was applied. The statistical analyses were conducted by using R package. The data was analysed using bivariate analyses, multiple linear regression analyses and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on household consumption of natural resources, geographical locations, and well-being of locals as variables from both the KNP and the SLNP data. The derived rural area multipliers for tourism related sectors, and the averages for type I and type II multipliers, respectively are: 1.019 and 1.024 for output, 0.2152 and 0.2157 for income, 15.73 and 15.76 for employment and 0.606 and 0.610 for value-added. The total tourism economic impact generated by visitor spending in the local areas fell within the range of ZMW28.08 million and ZMW135.91 million for the KNP and ZMW120.66 million and ZMW547.64 million for the SLNP. The total tourism economic value was estimated at ZMW275 million for the KNP and ZMW1,031 million for the SLNP. The total value of visitor spending impact that escaped as internal and external economic leakage was equalled to ZMW37.92 – 167.25 million and ZMW103.30 – 422.45 million for Kafue and South Luangwa respectively. Similarly, the number of new jobs supported by the visitor spending, but which escaped the local regions as economic leakage, was equalled to 60 – 197 and 141 – 442 for the KNP and the SLNP respectively. About 57 – 59% of visitor spending impact and 62 – 69% of visitor spending which supported new jobs escaped as internal and external economic leakage from local areas around Kafue. The results of this dissertation also showed that the main perceived positive social impacts in the KNP were accesses to natural resources and fertile land while in the SLNP it was the available employment opportunities in the tourism industry for the locals. There were no important negative social impacts in the KNP, but in the SLNP they included the damage of crops and killing of people and livestock by wild animals. In both aforementioned national parks, households consumed, on average, between ZMW708.64 and ZMW2,263.87 of natural resources annually, with the highest rate going to firewood, then food and medicines and in the last instance material and fibre. Natural resources consumption was found to be radially influenced by geographic settlements in the KNP, while proxies of well-being for households in settlements near the SLNP were found to be circumferentially influenced by their geographical locations. Ultimately, although settlements located closer to PAs – especially to areas where there is high tourism activity – experienced high incidences of human-wildlife conflict, they consumed fewer natural resources, obtained more benefits from tourism and their well-being was better than settlements further away from these areas. | en_ZA |
| dc.description.abstract | AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Kafue Nasionale Park (KNP) en die Suid Luangwa Nasionale Park (SLNP), in Zambie, is twee van Afrika se belangrikste sosio-ekologiese bewaringsgebiede wat met 'n omvangryke verskeidenheid natuurlewe spog. Toerismepotensiaal is groot in albei nasionale parke met 'n beduidende invloed op plaaslike en nie-plaaslike ekonomiee wat om hulle gelee is. Toerisme-aktiwiteite in plaaslike ekonomiee kan beskryf word in terme van 'gevolge' of 'impakte' wat direk, indirek, deur ondernemings, of deur huishoudings, te weeg gebring word. In 2015 het 'n totaal van 12,550 en 46,257 toeriste onderskeidelik die KNP en SLNP besoek, wat meegebring het dat ’n totaal van 8,42 miljoen dollar en 28,99 miljoen dollar onderskeidelik in plaaslike ekonomiee gestort is. Die hoofdoelstellings vir hierdie studie het ingesluit die verkryging van vermenigvuldigers wat aangewend kon word vir toerisme-ekonomiese impakstudies in landelike gebiede van Zambie, vir die bepaling van die ekonomiese impakte van toerisme op plaaslike gebiede, vir die vasstelling van die toerisme-ekonomiese lekkasie uit plaaslike gebiede, en vir die ontwikkeling van 'n begrip rakende die invloed op geografiese gebiede deur nedersettings wat rondom die KNP en SLNP gelee is. Toerisme-vermenigvuldigers is afgelei van die invoer-uitset-tabelle (I-O) van Zambie – tabelle wat die interafhanklikheid van nywerhede in 'n ekonomie ontleed. Die beskikbare publikasie vir I-O-tabelle in Zambie was op ‘n nasionale vlak en die afgeleide direkte koeffisiente moes na streeksvlak van die landelike gebied herskaal word om vermenigvuldigers te produseer – dit was ‘n poging om die eienaardighede van 'n landelike gebied te weerspieel, of om die impak op plaaslike ekonomiee te kwantifiseer. Metodologiee van sowel kwalitatiewe as kwantitatiewe aard is in hierdie proefskrif toegepas om die impak van besoekersbesteding op plaaslike ekonomiee te beraam. 'n Reeks onderskep-opnames, gemik op besoekers se daaglikse uitgawes, is lukraak by geselekteerde toerismefasiliteite uitgevoer. Monsters is geneem van toerismebesighede wat vir onderhoude oorweeg is in die nasionale parke, die omliggende GMA's en oop gebiede. Om die algehele impak van toeriste se ekonomiese impak en die lekkasie van toerisme-impakte te evalueer, is die Money Generation Model 2 (MGM2) vir landspesifieke vermenigvuldigers, toegepas. Die statistiese ontledings is uitgevoer met behulp van die R-pakket. Die data is geanaliseer met behulp van tweeledige ontledings, veelvuldige lineere regressie-analises en die Principal Component Analysis (PCA) op huishoudelike verbruik van natuurlike hulpbronne, geografiese liggings en welstand van die inwoners as veranderlikes van KNP- en SLNP-data. Hierdie verhandeling het sy oorsprong in vermenigvuldigers in landelike gebiede vir toerisme-verwante sektore, en die gemiddeldes vir tipe I- en tipe II-vermenigvuldigers is onderskeidelik: 1.019 en 1.024 vir uitset, 0.2152 en 0.2157 vir inkomste, 15.73 en 15.76 vir indiensneming en 0.606 en 0.610 vir toegevoegde waarde. Die besoekersgroepe se gemiddeldes per nag vir albei nasionale parke het gewissel van US $265,14 vir besoekers wat deel was van dag- en selfritte tot 1,109,02 US $ vir besoekers wat van die voorste herberg gebruik gemaak het. Die totale ekonomiese waarde wat in plaaslike gebiede gegenereer is, was $7,06 miljoen vir KNP en $32,11 miljoen vir SLNP. Die aantal poste wat deur hierdie industrie ondersteun is, was onderskeidelik 70 en 307 vir KNP en SLNP. Die totale waarde van toerisme-inkomste, wat as interne en eksterne ekonomiese lekkasie ontsnap het, was onderskeidelik US $9,62 miljoen (66%) en US $27,20 miljoen (54%) vir onderskeidelik KNP en SLNP. Die aantal werkgeleenthede wat deur die toerismebedryf gesteun word, was net so, maar het die plaaslike streek vrygespring omdat ekonomiese lekkasie onderskeidelik op 87 (55%) en 226 (42%) gestaan het. Die resultate van hierdie proefskrif het ook getoon dat die belangrikste waarneembare positiewe sosiale gevolge in KNP toegang tot natuurlike hulpbronne en vrugbare grond was, terwyl dit in SLNP die beskikbare werksgeleenthede in die toerismebedryf vir die inwoners was. Daar was geen belangrike negatiewe sosiale gevolge in KNP nie, maar in SLNP het dit die skade van gewasse, die dood van mense en vee deur wilde diere ingesluit. In KNP sowel as SLNP het huishoudings gemiddeld tussen US $82 en $262 se natuurlike hulpbronne per jaar verbruik, met die hoogste uitgawe vir brandhout, gevolg deur voedsel en medisyne, en laastens vir materiaal en vesel. Daar is bevind dat die verbruik van natuurlike hulpbronne radikaal beinvloed is deur geografiese nedersettings in KNP, terwyl vasgestel is dat volmag van welsyn vir huishoudings in nedersettings naby SLNP omtreksgewys deur hulle geografiese liggings beinvloed is. | af_ZA |
| dc.description.version | Doctorate | |
| dc.format.extent | xxiii, 374 pages : illustrations, includes annexures | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/125931 | |
| dc.language.iso | en_ZA | en_ZA |
| dc.publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University | |
| dc.rights.holder | Stellenbosch University | |
| dc.subject | Wildlife management areas -- Economic aspects -- Zambia | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Game farms -- Zambia -- Management | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Wildlife conservation -- Zambia | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Wildlife management areas -- Zambia | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | UCTD | |
| dc.title | Economic valuation and geographical settlement analysis of protected areas : cases of Kafue and South Luangwa National Parks | en_ZA |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_ZA |
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