Investigating the design of a photoplethysmography device for clinical applications

Date
2024-12
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the ongoing advancements of photoplethysmography (PPG) devices for clinical and domestic applications, there exists a distinct lack of publicly available literature addressing the best possible hardware design for these devices. In this project, this question was answered by investigating the hardware design configuration of a PPG device, especially focussing on the light source wavelength, light source brightness, number of light sources, photodetector lens shape, and sensor-to-skin contact pressure. This device was evaluated on the quality of the PPG signals it measures, as well as its ability to accurately estimate the user’s heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and blood pressure over different skin tones. A participant study was also conducted to collect cardiovascular metric data from 110 participants with varying skin tones, which was used to develop a neural network for blood pressure estimation as well as determine the best hardware configuration of the PPG device. This resulted in the hardware configuration that consisted of a red-and-infrared light-emitting diode (LED) system, a flat lens photodiode, and high sensor-to-skin contact pressure. This configuration was setup with its two red LEDs at a medium level of brightness and four infrared LEDs at a high level of brightness and was primarily used to measure data on the user’s fingertip. The consequent estimations’ mean absolute errors were 3.511 BPM for heart rate, 0.615% for blood oxygen saturation, and 11.279 mmHg for the systolic blood pressure and 6.802 mmHg for the diastolic blood pressure estimations, respectively. Finally, the selected PPG device’s bias to skin tone was determined. It was concluded that the device had very little bias to skin tone, due to it having a 3.817 dB variance over all the skin tones tested. With the successful identification of the most optimal hardware design configuration, future devices are expected to perform with improved accuracy, usability, and versatility in clinical settings. Furthermore, it provides the necessary groundwork for future research to explore additional applications of PPG devices.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die voortdurende vooruitgang van fotoplethysmografie (PPG) toestelle vir kliniese en huishoudelike toepassings, bestaan daar 'n duidelike gebrek aan publiek beskikbare literatuur wat die beste moontlike hardeware-ontwerp vir hierdie toestelle aanspreek. In hierdie projek was hierdie vraag beantwoord deur die hardeware-ontwerpkonfigurasie van 'n PPG-toestel te ondersoek, veral met die fokus op die ligbrongolflengte, ligbronhelderheid, aantal ligbronne, fotodetektorlensvorm en sensor-tot-velkontakdruk. Hierdie toestel was geëvalueer op die kwaliteit van die PPG-seine wat dit meet, sowel as sy vermoë om die gebruiker se hartklop, bloedsuurstofversadiging en bloeddruk akkuraat te skat oor verskillende velkleure. 'n Deelnemerstudie was ook uitgevoer om kardiovaskulêre data van 110 deelnemers met verskillende velkleure in te samel, wat gebruik was om 'n neurale netwerk vir bloeddrukberaming te ontwikkel, asook om die beste hardeware-konfigurasie van die PPG-toestel te bepaal. Dit het gelei tot ‘n hardeware-konfigurasie wat bestaan het uit 'n rooi-en-infrarooi lig-emitterende diode (LED) stelsel, 'n plat lens fotodiode, en hoë sensor-tot-vel kontak druk. Hierdie konfigurasie was opgestel met sy twee rooi LED's op 'n medium vlak van helderheid en vier infrarooi LED's op 'n hoë vlak van helderheid en is hoofsaaklik gebruik om data op die gebruiker se vingerpunt te meet. Die gevolglike hartklopberamings het 'n gemiddelde absolute fout van 3.511 BPM gehad, bloedsuurstofversadigingskattings 'n gemiddelde absolute fout van 0.615%, en 'n gemiddelde absolute fout van 11.279 mmHg vir die sistoliese bloeddruk en 6.802 mmHg vir die diastoliese bloeddrukskattings, onderskeidelik. Laastens was die geselekteerde PPG-toestel se vooroordeel tot velkleur bepaal. Daar was tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die toestel baie min vooroordeel vir velkleur gehad het, omdat dit 'n 3.817 dB variansie het oor al die velkleure wat getoets was. Met die suksesvolle identifikasie van die mees optimale hardeware-ontwerpkonfigurasie, word daar verwag dat toekomstige toestelle met 'n verbeterde akkuraatheid, bruikbaarheid en veelsydigheid in kliniese omgewings sal presteer. Verder verskaf dit die nodige grondslag vir toekomstige navorsing om bykomende toepassings van PPG-toestelle te verken.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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