(How) should the language policy promote mother-tongue instruction or a straight-for-English approach in primary schooling in South Africa: what does empirical data contribute?

Date
2023-12
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Language is a fundamental aspect of education and broader societal construction; we interact using language and learn through it. Understanding the historical development of languages in South Africa and their current status and use empowers policymakers to think strategically about language. This imperative is informed by the unequal development of languages and the effects on education in specific languages and economic opportunities. A lack of detailed attention would maintain the persistent inequalities we find in our society. This thesis contributes to the language debate through four separate chapters. After an introductory chapter that sets out the rationale and structure of the thesis, the second chapter defines language planning, its key components, and how these have been applied to Afrikaans and African languages. The analysis showed that a systematic approach was followed for Afrikaans, while a sporadic process was followed for African languages. The political, social and religious environment to enable Afrikaans compared to African languages is discussed at length. All of this was applied through the language planning lens. The conclusion was that Afrikaans enjoyed systematic language planning and continues to enjoy this support for economic and cultural reasons. If African languages are to reach this level, similar investments in policy, status and language planning are required. The third chapter considered the current language policies governing language in society. The primary focus was on basic education. However, policies governing universities and broader society were considered. The implications for the schooling and post-schooling sector were discussed in detail, including court cases. The implications for current policies and policy debates are raised. In addition, a policy implementation framework based on ambiguity and conflict was considered and applied. It is instructive in identifying challenges and areas of redirection. The fourth chapter examined the application of the Language in Education Policy and curriculum policies. It used empirical data from two independent experiments to evaluate supporting literacy in the Home Language and English as an Additional Language. The evidence showed that supporting Home Language is more strategic at a policy and sustainability level while exclusively supporting English First Additional Language has high costs for learning. The fifth chapter applied all the lessons from the thesis to the international context. South Africa’s participation between 2006 and 2016 in the Progress in Reading Literacy Study was examined. The data analysis identified similarities and differences in a range of variables, including race, socio-economic status, and language. The chapter revealed significant gains in performance, particularly amongst African languages. It concluded with a discussion on multilingualism, identifying 25% of classrooms as multilingual.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Taal is ’n fundamentele aspek van onderwys en breër samelewingskonstruksie – ons kommunikeer met behulp van taal en leer daardeur. Om te verstaan hoe die tale van Suid-Afrika histories ontwikkel het tot hul huidige status en gebruik, bemagtig beleidmakers om strategies oor taal te dink. Hierdie noodsaaklikheid word belig deur die ongelyke ontwikkeling van tale. Die vierde hoofstuk ondersoek die toepassing van die Taal in Onderwysbeleid en kurrikulumbeleide. Dit het empiriese data van twee onafhanklike eksperimente gebruik om die ondersteuning van geletterdheid in die Huistaal en Engels as addisionele taal te evalueer. Die bewyse het getoon dat die ondersteuning van die huistaal meer strategies is op beleids- en volhoubaarheidsvlak, terwyl die uitsluitlike ondersteuning van Engels Eerste Addisionele Taal hoë kostes vir leer inhou. Die vierde hoofstuk ondersoek die toepassing van die Taal in Onderwysbeleid en kurrikulumbeleide. Dit het empiriese data van twee ona􀄬anklike eksperimente gebruik om die ondersteuning van geleterdheid in die Huistaal en Engels as addisionele taal te evalueer. Die bewyse het getoon dat die ondersteuning van die huistaal meer strategies is op beleids- en volhoubaarheidsvlak, terwyl die uitsluitlike ondersteuning van Engels Eerste Addisionele Taal hoë kostes vir leer inhou. Die vyfde hoofstuk pas al die lesse uit die studie in die internasionale konteks toe. Suid-Afrika se deelname tussen 2006 en 2016 aan die internasionale Vordering in Leesgeleterdheidstudie (PIRLS) is ondersoek. Die data-analise het ooreenkomste en verskille in 'n reeks veranderlikes geïdentifiseer, insluitend ras, sosio-ekonomiese status en taal. Die hoofstuk het beduidende winste in prestasie getoon, veral onder Afrikatale. Dit is afgesluit met 'n bespreking oor meertaligheid en 25% van klaskamers is as meertalig geïdentifiseer.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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