The over-expression of a late embryogenesis abundant protein in sugarcane to improve water-deficit stress tolerance.

Date
2021-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in the vegetative tissues of resurrection plants may serve as a blueprint for generating crops with enhanced drought tolerance. Analysis of water-deficit stress responses in Xerophyta humilis, a small resurrection plant endemic to South Africa, found that the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) protein called XhLEA accumulated in the desiccated leaf tissues of the plant. LEA proteins have been shown to play a protective role against damage caused by environmental stresses and may play a critical role in the desiccation- tolerant phenotype of X. humilis. Here, we characterized the novel group 1 LEA gene named XhLEA from X. humilis. It has been shown to be highly expressed in the dehydrated leaf tissues of the plant. XhLEA shares the highest nucleotide sequence homology with group 1 LEA genes found in monocotyledonous plants that are members of the Poaceae family. This study aimed to overexpress XhLEA in transgenic sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid cv. NCo310) in an attempt to enhance drought tolerance in the transgenic plants. XhLEA was first cloned independently into a constitutively-expressed (pUbi510:XhLEA) and a drought-inducible (pAHC20:Rab17:XhLEA) plant expression vector, and subsequently transformed in sugarcane using a biolistic particle approach. Transgenic plants were regenerated in vitro and selected using geneticin. The plants surviving the selection phase were hardened off in the greenhouse and putative transgenic lines were analysed for transgene insertion and expression. One and three-month-old wild type (WT) and transgenic plants were exposed to drought in glasshouse pot trials. Transgenic plants had a lower rate of water loss under water-deficit conditions as indicated by the relative water content (RWC) and had a higher level of water retention under non-stressed conditions when compared to the WT. Physiological measurements indicated that higher levels of stomatal conductance and photosystem II efficiency were maintained for longer in the transgenic plants exposed to stress. Proteins related to the photosynthetic activity of the plants, such as pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) were also significantly upregulated in transgenic plants under water-deficit conditions. Biochemical analysis of the 3-month-old plants exposed to drought indicated that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2 and O⁻, and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation were similar among all genotypes. This was in contrast with the significantly lower levels of H2O2 accumulation that was observed in the 1-month-old stressed transgenic sugarcane plants compared to the WT plants. Furthermore, membrane electrolyte leakage (EL) was significantly lower in the stressed 3-month-old transgenic lines when compared to the WT plants but no marked difference was observed in reduced glutathione (GSH) content or in the activities of ROS scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) across all the lines. Accumulation of osmolytes such as proline was affected by the XhLEA overexpression, however, the responses varied with the T1 and T2 lines being either significantly higher or lower than the WT sugarcane, respectively. Sub-cellular localization studies, using an YFP-XhLEA fusion protein, indicated that protein expression in the epidermis of red onion cells was likely localized in the nucleus and cell membrane. Overall, overexpression of XhLEA enhances drought tolerance mainly through the maintenance of vital cellular processes, such as photosynthesis. However, constitutive expression of the XhLEA transgene also resulted in growth impairment as well as reduced sucrose accumulation in mature sugarcane grown under non-stressed conditions. Future analysis of the drought-inducible XhLEA-expressing plants is required to determine if the reduced growth yield phenotype observed in the transgenic plants overexpressing XhLEA in a constitutive manner can be avoided.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderliggende meganismes agter die verkryging van droogte-weerstandigheid in die vegetatiewe weefsels (blare, wortels en stingels) van ‘herlewings’ plante kan dien as 'n belangrike bron van inligting vir die generering van gewasse met verhoogde droogte toleransie. Die analise van Xerophyta humilis, 'n klein ‘herlewings’ plant endemies aan Suid-Afrika, se reaksies op water tekort het bevind dat die LEA proteïen genaamd XhLEA in die uitgedroogde blaarweefsel van die plant geakkumuleer het. Die LEA proteïen familie waaraan XhLEA behoort is reeds bekend vir die rol wat hulle speel in die beskerming van die sel teen skade wat ontstaan as gevolg van omgewings druk. Ons het die ongekende groep 1 LEA proteïen, XhLEA verder gekarakteriseer. Die XhLEA geen deel die hoogste nukleotiedvolgorde homologie met groep 1 LEA gene teenwoordig in eensaadlobbige plante wat deel vorm van die Poaceae familie. Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om XhLEA in transgeniese suikerriet (Saccharum spp. hibried cv. NCo310) ooruittedruk in ‘n poging om droogte-weerstandigheid in suikerriet te verbeter. XhLEA was gekloon in ʼn konstitutief-uitgedrukte (pUbi510:XhLEA) en ʼn droogte-induseerbare (pAHC20:Rab17:XhLEA) plant uitdrukkings-vektor, en daarna met behulp van biolistiese metodes in suikerriet getransformeer. Transgeniese plante was in vitro geregenereer en terselfde tyd geselekteer met die hulp van genetisien as seleksie middel. Vermeende transgeniese plante wat die seleksie proses oorleef het was oorgedra na ʼn kweekhuis, en die invoeging en uitdrukking van die transgeen was getoets. Een- en drie-maand ouwe wilde tipe (WT) en transgeniese plante was blootgestel aan droogte toestande in kweekhuisproewe. Transgeniese plante, in vergelyking met die WT, het ʼn laer tempo van waterverlies onder droogte toestande gehad, soos aangedui deur die relatiewe waterinhoud (RWC) en het ‘n hoër vlak van waterretensie getoon onder normale groei toestande (geen water tekort). Fisiologiese metings dui aan dat hoër vlakke van huidmondjie-geleiding en fotosisteem II- doeltreffendheid vir langer in die transgeniese plante gehandhaaf word onder droogte toestande. Proteïene wat verband hou met die fotosintetiese aktiwiteit van die plant, soos piruvaat ortofosfaat dikinase (PPDK), ribulose-1,5-bisfosfaat karboksilase/oksiginase (RuBisCo), en fosfoenolpiruvaat karboksilase (PEPC) was aansienlik opgereguleer in transgeniese plante onder droogte toestande. Biochemiese analise van die 3-maand oue plante wat aan droogte toestande blootgestel was het aangedui dat the reaktiewe suurstofkomponente (ROS) soos H2O2 en O⁻, en malondialdehied (MDA) opeenhoping was soortgelyk in alle genotipes. Dit was in kontras met die aansienlik laer vlakke van H2O2-ophoping waargeneem in die jonger (1-maand oud) transgeniese suikerrietplante in vergelyking met die WT plante. Verder, membraanlekkasie (EL) was aansienlik laer in die gestresde drie-maand oue transgeniese lyne in vergelyking met die WT-plante maar daar was egter geen merkbare verskille tussen die WT en transgeniese lyne ten opsigte van glutathione (GSH)-inhoud of in die aktiwiteite van ROS-verwyderende ensieme soos superoksied dismutase (SOD) and katalase (CAT) nie. Ophoping van osmoliete soos prolien was beïnvloed deur XhLEA-ooruitdrukking, maar die reaksies het gewissel. T1- en T2-lyne het prolien vlakke gehad wat aansienlik hoër of laer as die WT-suikerriet was. Sub-sellulêre lokaliseringstudies, met behulp van 'n YFP-XhLEA-fusieproteïen, het aangedui dat geenuitdrukking in rooi-uie epidermis-selle waarskynlik in die kern en selmembraan gelokaliseer is. Ten slotte, die ooruitdrukking van XhLEA het droogte weerstandigheid verhoog in suikeriet plante, hoofsaaklik deur die handhawing van lewensbelangrike sellulêre prosesse, soos fotosintese. Die konstitutiewe ooruitdrukking van die XhLEA transgeen het egter ook gelei tot ʼn groeibeperking sowel as verminderde sukrose-ophoping in volwasse suikerriet wat onder normale groei toestande gekweek is. Toekomstige ontleding van die droogte-induseerbare XhLEA-uitdrukkende plante is nodig om te bepaal of die verminderde groei-opbrengs fenotiepe wat waargeneem is in die transgeniese plante wat XhLEA ooruitdruk in ‘n konstitutiewe-wyse dalk voorkom kan word.
Description
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Citation