The Effect of ß-Glucan Prebiotic on Kidney Function, Uremic Toxins and Gut Microbiome in Stage 3 to 5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Predialysis Participants: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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dc.contributor.authorEbrahim, Zarinaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorProost, Sebastianen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorTito, Raul Yhossefen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorRaes, Jeroenen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorGlorieux, Grieten_ZA
dc.contributor.authorMoosa, Mohammed Rafiqueen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBlaauw, Reneeen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2024-04-09T09:35:33Z
dc.date.available2024-04-09T09:35:33Z
dc.date.issued2022-02-14en_ZA
dc.descriptionThe original publication is available at: https://www.mdpi.comen_ZA
dc.description.abstractThere is growing evidence that gut dysbiosis contributes to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) owing to several mechanisms, including microbiota-derived uremic toxins, diet and immune-mediated factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a ß-glucan prebiotic on kidney function, uremic toxins and the gut microbiome in stage 3 to 5 CKD participants. Fifty-nine participants were randomized to either the ß-glucan prebiotic intervention group (n = 30) or the control group (n = 29). The primary outcomes were to assess kidney function (urea, creatinine and glomerular filtration rate), plasma levels of total and free levels of uremic toxins (p-cresyl sulfate (pCS), indoxyl-sulfate (IxS), p-cresyl glucuronide (pCG) and indoxyl 3-acetic acid (IAA) and gut microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing at baseline, week 8 and week 14. The intervention group (age 40.6 ± 11.4 y) and the control group (age 41.3 ± 12.0 y) did not differ in age or any other socio-demographic variables at baseline. There were no significant changes in kidney function over 14 weeks. There was a significant reduction in uremic toxin levels at different time points, in free IxS at 8 weeks (p = 0.003) and 14 weeks (p < 0.001), free pCS (p = 0.006) at 14 weeks and total and free pCG (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively) and at 14 weeks. There were no differences in relative abundances of genera between groups. Enterotyping revealed that the population consisted of only two of the four enterotypes: Bacteroides 2 and Prevotella. The redundancy analysis showed a few factors significantly affected the gut microbiome: these included triglyceride levels (p < 0.001), body mass index (p = 0.002), high- density lipoprotein (p < 0.001) and the prebiotic intervention (p = 0.002). The ß-glucan prebiotic significantly altered uremic toxin levels of intestinal origin and favorably affected the gut microbiome.en_ZA
dc.description.urihttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/4/805en_ZA
dc.description.versionPublisher’s versionen_ZA
dc.format.extent22 pagesen_ZA
dc.identifier.citationEbrahim, Z. et al. 2022. The Effect of ß-Glucan Prebiotic on Kidney Function, Uremic Toxins and Gut Microbiome in Stage 3 to 5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Predialysis Participants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 14(4):22 pages. doi.10.3390/ nu14040805en_ZA
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/ nu14040805en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn2072-6643 (online)en_ZA
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-8612-1839en_ZA
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-6792-9442en_ZA
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-7641-4707en_ZA
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-7413-5918en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttps://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/129608
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPIen_ZA
dc.rights.holderAuthors retain copyrighten_ZA
dc.titleThe Effect of ß-Glucan Prebiotic on Kidney Function, Uremic Toxins and Gut Microbiome in Stage 3 to 5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Predialysis Participants: A Randomized Controlled Trialen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA
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