Climate change perceptions, knowledge and adaptation responses of smallholder, crop-livestock farmers in Mediterranean-type ecosystems: case studies from the Overberg District, South Africa

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Smallholder farmers must adapt their farming practices to sustain livelihoods, as a result of the changing climate. It is known that climate change may cause significant adverse effects on the agricultural sector. Smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable to the effects caused by extreme weather events such as droughts and flooding as their farms are often located in areas that are prone to these environmental risks. It is known that it is necessary to establish the perceptions and knowledge of smallholder farmers, regarding climate change to ensure appropriate context-based adaptation strategies are implemented. Climate change adaptation methods have been extensively researched in recent literature, but there is a need to investigate context-specific adaptation methods for smallholder farmers, especially in Mediterranean-type ecosystems as it is expected that precipitation will decrease and increasing temperatures will increase drought risk in these ecosystems. This current study aimed to investigate the climate change perceptions, knowledge, and adaptation methods of smallholder farmers in two former mission stations, namely Elim and Genadendal, located in the Overberg District of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The perceptions of the farmers were also compared to long-term meteorological data from the Overberg District. A mixed-method approach was used in this study. Structured telephonic interviews were held with 9 smallholder farmers in Elim and 4 in Genadendal. Qualitative data obtained from the interviews were coded and analysed using qualitative data analysis software ATLAS.ti and quantitative data were analysed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Minimum and maximum daily temperatures, as well as daily rainfall data, were analysed using simple linear regression analyses (p < 0.05) in STATISTICA. Results from this study indicated that smallholder farmers in the Overberg District perceived and experienced a change in climatic conditions, especially in the case of extreme weather events such as flooding (Elim) and drought (Genadendal and Elim). The meteorological data confirmed the perceptions of the farmers, as significant results were obtained regarding the minimum temperature and rainfall data in the Genadendal region and maximum temperatures in the Elim region. Adaptation methods utilised by smallholder farmers in the Overberg region included changing planting dates, increasing irrigation, mulching, selling livestock, and an increase in fungicide use. Due to the relatively small number of participants, statistically, sound conclusions cannot be drawn - however, the study does provide insight into the perceptions and adaptation methods regarding climate change, of smallholder farmers in the Overberg District. This may be beneficial to stakeholders involved in climate change adaptation planning, as well as smallholder farmers in other Mediterranean-type ecosystems.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kleinboere moet hul boerderypraktyke aanpas vir ‘n volhoubare lewensbestaan as gevolg van veranderde klimaatstoestande. Dit is bekend dat klimaatsverandering merkbare nadelige gevolge kan inhou vir die landbousektor. Kleinboere is veral kwesbaar vir die gevolge wat veroorsaak word deur die effek van uiterste weerstoestande soos droogte en vloede omdat, hul plase dikwels in areas geleë is wat geneig is tot hierdie omgewings-risiko’s. Dit is bekend dat dit ook nodig is om waarnemings en kennis van kleinboere aangaande klimaatsverandering te vestig om te verseker dat toepaslike konteks-gebasseerde aanpassings en strategieë implementeer word. Klimaatsverandering aanpassings-metodes is reeds omvattend nagevors in onlangse literatuur maar, daar is ‘n behoefte om konteks-spesifieke aanpassingsmetodes vir kleinboere te ondersoek veral in die Mediterreense-tipe ekosisteme waar dit verwag word dat reënval sal afneem en stygende temperature, droogte-risiko’s sal laat toeneem in hierdie ekosisteme. Hierdie huidige studie het gemik om klimaatsveranderings-aannames, kennis en aanpassings-metodes van kleinboere in twee voormalige sendingstasies, naamlik Elim en Genadendal, geleë in die Overbergdistrik van die Wes-Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. Die aannames van hierdie boere was ook vergelyk met die langtermyn meteorologiese data van die Overbergdistrik. ‘n “Gemengde- metode” benadering is in hierdie studie gebruik. Gestruktureerde telefoniese onderhoude is gevoer met 9 kleinboere in Elim en 4 in Genadendal. Kwalitatiewe data verkry uit hierdie onderhoude is gekodeer en geanaliseer in ATLAS.ti en kwantitatiewe data is ook ge-analiseer in “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” (SPSS). Minimum en maksimum daaglikse temperature, asook daaglikse reënvaldata is geanaliseer (ontleed) waar gebruik gemaak is van lineêre regressie analises (p<0.05) in STASTISTIKA. Resultate van hierdie studie het aangedui dat dat kleinboere in die Overbergdistrik ‘n verandering in klimaatstoestande waargeneem en ervaar het, veral in gevalle van uiterste weersomstandighede soos vloede (Elim) en droogte (Genadendal en Elim). Die meteorologiese data wat verkry is, het bevestig dat die aannames van die boerebetekenisvolle resultate is,aangaande die minimum temperature en - reënvaldata in die Genadendalstreek en maksimum temperature in die Elimstreek. Aanpassingsmetodes wat deur die kleinboere in die Overbergstreek benut word, het ingesluit: die verandering in plantdatums, toenemende besproeiing, deklaag bewerking, verkoop van vee en vermeerdering in swamdoder gebruik. As gevolg van ‘n klein hoeveelheid deelnemers, kon gesonde gevolgtrekkings statisties nie opgeteken word nie, alhoewel die studie insig verleen het in die aannames- en aanpassingsmetodes wat betref klimaatsverandering by kleinboere in die Overbergdistrik. Dit mag voordelig wees vir aandeelhouers wat betref klimaatsverandering-beplanning sowel as vir kleinboere in ander Meditereense-tipe ekosisteme.
Description
Thesis (MScConsEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Climatic changes -- South Africa, Plants -- Effect of drought on, Smallholder farmers -- Climatic factors -- South Africa -- Overberg District, Mediterranean-type ecosystems -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Emerging agriculture, UCTD
Citation