Thermal performance of cavities in 3DPC building facades using DesignBuilder

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dc.contributor.advisorVan Zijl, Gideon P. A. G.en_ZA
dc.contributor.advisorDe Villiers, Wibkeen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorMoelich, Migaelen_ZA
dc.contributor.otherStellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Civil Engineering.en_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2022-11-05T12:16:15Zen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2023-01-16T12:41:54Zen_ZA
dc.date.available2022-11-05T12:16:15Zen_ZA
dc.date.available2023-01-16T12:41:54Zen_ZA
dc.date.issued2022-11en_ZA
dc.descriptionThesis (MEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2022.en_ZA
dc.description.abstractENGLISH ABSTRACT: The lack of research done on improving the thermal comfort for occupants of low-income Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) buildings in South Africa are problematic seeing that there is a great improvement that can be achieved through 3DPC construction evident in this research. Typical RDP buildings are constructed using traditional masonry methods which are unproductive in terms of labour and time. Three dimensional printed concrete (3DPC) construction and the rapid shift to three-dimensional building information modelling (BIM) mitigates these problems by the high precision and versatile nature of construction from digital models that inherits all construction details. This can be seen as the fourth industrial revolution for construction. The research aims to evaluate and improve the thermal performance of 3DPC high-density buildings using commercial three-dimensional simulation software, DesignBuilder, to contribute to and facilitate the development of 3DPC building construction and the thermal comfort for the occupants. The Department of Human Settlements in South Africa noted a need for improved living conditions for occupants of the RDP and informal settlements and launched a new approach for sustainable housing delivery under the Integrated Reconstruction and Development Programme (IRDP) initiative. The third phase of the Joe Slovo project in Langa, Western Cape, is the flagship of this initiative with 2886 subsidised homes on 27 hectares. Each building consists of six double story apartments, each comprising of a living area, kitchen, and bathroom downstairs, and two bedrooms upstairs, constructed to comply with the National Home Builders Registration Council (NHBRC) regulations of South Africa. The construction drawings with all necessary construction specifications were made available by JSA-Architects. Conclusions from a case study by the department reports that the optimised thermal design of the building creates a more comfortable internal environment of temperature measurements up to 3 °C cooler in summer and 6 °C warmer in winter compared to a typical RDP building. DesignBuilder has predetermined transmittance values for typical wall types in buildings, like solid concrete walls of various density classes, and typical masonry cavity wall assemblages, but not for non-standard wall types like 3DCP walls with intricate cross-sectional shapes. Hence, the thermal transmittance is determined by simulating the Hot Box procedure according to ASTM C1363:2005 using a Finite Element Analyses (FEA). This value effectively quantifies the amount of thermal energy that is transferred through the section. A few alternative facade wall geometries are analysed to determine the most thermally effective geometry for 3DPC wall facades. The thermal transmittance of the existing hollow concrete block facades can be reduced by 71.5 % from 5.6 to 1.57 W/m2 if replaced with the proposed 3DPC facade of similar thickness. A validation on a physical tested element was performed by comparing temperatures of the same nodes in the FEA. The calculated Pearson correlation coefficient for the last 24 hours averaged over all nodes is 0.83. The proposed 3DPC facade adheres to recommendations made by SANS 10400-XA:2021 and proves to have a similar thermal transmittance to typical masonry cavity walls with a 50 mm airspace and 13 mm thick plaster.en_ZA
dc.description.abstractAFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Dit is problematies om te sien dat daar ‘n gaping in navorsing bestaan vir die verbetering in termiese gemak van lae inkomste heropbou en ontwikkelingsprogram (HOP) huise in Suid-Afrika aangesien daar ‘n groot verbetering gemaak kan word beklemtoon deur hierdie navorsing. Tipiese HOP huise is gebou deur tradisionele messelwerk metodes wat onproduktief is in terme van arbeid en tyd. Drie-dimensionele drukbare beton (3DPC) konstruksie en die spoedige oorgang na drie-dimensionele gebou informasie modellering (BIM) vermy hierdie probleme deur die hoë presisie en veelsydige natuur van konstruksie waar digitale modelle alle konstruksie besonderhede beskik. Dit word gesien as die vierde industriële revolusie. Hierdie navorsing beoog om die termiese gedrag van 3DPC hoë digte geboue te bereken en verbeter met die gebruik van kommersiële drie-dimensionele simulasie sagteware, naamlik DesignBuilder, om die termiese gemak vir inwoners te fasiliteer en by te dra tot die verbetering van 3DPC konstruksie. Die Departement van Menslike Nedersettings in Suid-Afrika het die behoefte vir verbeterde lewensomstandighede van RDP inwoners opgemerk, en het ‘n nuwe inisiatief vir volhoubare behuising bekendgestel naamlik die geïntegreerde heropbou en ontwikkelingsprogram (IRDP). Die derde fase van die Joe Slovo projek in Langa, Wes-Kaap, is die spogperd van hierdie inisiatief met 2886 gesubsidieerde huise op 27 hektaar. Elke gebou bestaan uit ses dubbel verdieping woonstelle, elkeen met ‘n leef area, kombuis en badkamer op die onderste verdieping, en twee slaapkamers op die boonste verdieping gebou volgens die nasionale huis bouers registrasie raad (NHBRC) regulasies van Suid-Afrika. Die konstruksie tekeninge en nodige konstruksie informasie is beskikbaar gemaak deur JSA argitekte. Gevolgtrekkings van ‘n gevallestudie deur dié departement bevestig dat die geoptimaliseerde termiese ontwerp van die gebou ‘n meer gemaklike interne omgewing skep met gemete temperature tot 3 °C koeler in die somer en 6 °C warmer in die winter ten opsigte van die tipiese HOP gebou. DesignBuilder het vooruit berekende warmte-oordrag waardes vir tipiese mure in geboue, soos soliede beton mure van verskeie digthede en tipiese spoumuur messelwerk, maar nie vir nie-standaard muur tipes soos 3DPC mure met ingewikkelde snitvorms nie. Dus, moet die termiese warmte-oordrag bepaal word deur ‘n “Hot Box” prosedure volgens ASTM C1363:2005 te simuleer met eindige element analise (FEA). Hierdie waarde kwantifiseer die hoeveelheid termiese energie wat deur die snit oorgedra word. ‘n Verskeidenheid fasade geometrieë is geanaliseer om die mees effektiewe alternatief vir 3DPC fasades te bepaal. Die termiese warmte oordrag van die bestaande hol beton blok fasade kan verlaag word met 71.5 % vanaf 5.6 na 1.57 W/m2 indien dit met die voorgestelde 3DPC fasade van soortgelyke dikte vervang word. Fisiese toetselement is valideer deur die temperature van dieselfde nodusse in FEA te vergelyk. Die berekende gemiddelde Pearson korrelasie koëffisiënt van die laaste 24 uur oor alle nodusse is 0.83. Die voorgestelde 3DPC fasade voldoen aan aanbevelings gemaak deur SANS 10400-XA:2021 en bereik ‘n soortgelyke warmte-oordrag as ‘n tipiese messelwerk muur met ‘n 50 mm holte en 13 mm dik pleisterwerk.af_ZA
dc.description.versionMastersen_ZA
dc.format.extentxii, 84 pages : illustrationsen_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/125933en_ZA
dc.language.isoen_ZAen_ZA
dc.publisherStellenbosch : Stellenbosch Universityen_ZA
dc.rights.holderStellenbosch Universityen_ZA
dc.subject3DPCen_ZA
dc.subjectThermal performanceen_ZA
dc.subjectFacadesen_ZA
dc.subjectThermal comforten_ZA
dc.subjectThree-dimensional modellingen_ZA
dc.subjectConcrete -- Thermal conductivityen_ZA
dc.subjectConcrete -- Effect of temperature onen_ZA
dc.subjectHuman settlements -- South Africaen_ZA
dc.subjectUCTDen_ZA
dc.titleThermal performance of cavities in 3DPC building facades using DesignBuilderen_ZA
dc.typeThesisen_ZA
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