The quantification of white grape juice phenolics using various spectroscopic methods and chemometrics

Date
2021-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Phenolic compounds are aromatic, secondary metabolites found in plant tissues. They have a number of bioactive properties as well as positive effects on health. Phenolic compounds, although found at lower levels in Méthode Cap Classique (MCC) and white wines, contribute to the mouthfeel and flavour as well as having antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The levels of the phenolic compounds present in a wine depend on the variety, ripeness of grapes at harvest, soil type and the vinification processes applied. During the pressing stages, juice is obtained from the grapes and skins in contact with the juice. This maceration time, although limited, allows for phenolic compounds to be extracted and dissolved in the juice. The ability to monitor the phenolic concentration during the pressing stages of MCC and white wine could potentially increase the yield recovery of quality juice, furthermore, allowing increased control in the vinification process and can lead to benefits such as improved and consistent wine quality. Current phenolic compound analysis methods can be outdated and unreliable due to interferences. In order for phenolic monitoring techniques to be useful in the wine industry they must be compatible with process control methods. Spectroscopy techniques, alongside chemometrics, for the quantification of phenolics have the potential to be implemented into wineries as in-line and on-line systems. These techniques provide increased accuracy and reliability. This research explores a range of analytical techniques which may be applied to the quantification of phenolic compounds with the use of calibration models. Infrared (IR), Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy were the analytical methods explored and the reference total phenolic index (TPI) data was collected using Ultra-Violet/Visible (UV/Vis) spectrophotometry. These spectroscopic techniques were chosen as they are suited for the implementation into portable devices and hence could be of use to the wine industry for process control analysis. The spectroscopic analyses performed are: - Attenuated Total Reflectance Mid-Infrared Spectrometer (ATR-MIR). - Multi-Purpose Analyser (MPA) Transmission Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectrometer (T-FT-NIR). - Matrix F Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectrometer (DF-FT-NIR). - Raman spectroscopy with a central wavelength of 532nm. - Fluorescence spectroscopy with emission spectra between 300nm and 575nm and excitation wavelengths between 300nm and 575nm. Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression models were built for all analytical methods explored and the robustness of these models were examined using a range of statistical parameters. Further techniques, such as machine learning, were explored for the data obtained in the fluorescence spectroscopy. T-FT-NIR provided the best model for TPI with 0.547 and 2.12 RMSEP and RPDval, respectively. Moreover, high prediction accuracy was observed with DF-FT-NIR for the MCC dataset with 0.457 RMSEP and 2.01 RPD. The models obtain form the Raman and fluorescence spectra underperformed those of the IR instruments. However, improvements in fluorescence model performance were achieved when the use of a machine learning analysis pipeline was explored. The statistical parameters used to determine model robustness did not indicate that all of the predication models constructed are of immediate use to the wine industry. Despite these results, it is believed that the aim of this research is worth further investigation. The observed models do indicate results which could be of potential use for screening purposes. Further research could be the key to unlocking the potential of these spectroscopic methods for phenolic quantification as this would reduce the number of variables which are believed to have caused the results observed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fenoliese verbindings, hoewel dit op laer vlakke in ‘Méthode Cap Classique’ (MCC) en witwyne voorkom, dra by tot die mondgevoel en geur, sowel as antimikrobiese en antioksidante eienskappe van witwyne. Die vlakke van die fenoliese verbindings wat in 'n wyn voorkom hang af van die variëteit, rypheid van druiwe tydens die oes, sowel as die grondsoort en die vinifikasieprosesse wat toegepas word. Die vermoë om die fenoliese inhoud tydens die produksie van MCC en witwyne te monitor, kon wynmakers meer beheer in die wynproses gee en kan voordele soos verbeterde en konstante wyngehalte meebring. Tydens die persfases word sap verkry uit die druiwe en die skil in kontak met die sap. Die maserasie tyd, alhoewel dit beperk is, laat fenoliese verbindings toe om onttrek en opgelos te word in die sap. Die vermoë om die fenoliese konsentrasie tydens die persfases van MCC en witwyn te monitor, kan die opbrengsherwinning van kwaliteit sap moontlik verhoog. Tans word min navorsing gedoen oor die kwantifisering van fenoliese verbindings in MCC en witwyne. Om moniteringstegnieke nuttig te maak in die wynbedryf, moet die tegniek verenigbaar wees met prosesbeheermetodes. Die metodes wat vir hierdie doel geredelik beskikbaar is in die laboratorium, is nie geskik vir prosesbeheerontleding nie. Spektroskopie tegnieke, tesame met chemometrie, vir die kwantifisering van fenolika kan moontlik in wynkelders geïmplementeer word. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek 'n reeks analitiese tegnieke wat toegepas kan word op die kwantifisering van fenoliese verbindings met behulp van kalibreringsmodelle. Infrared (IR), Raman en fluoressensie spektroskopie is die analitiese metodes wat geondersoek was en die verwysing Totale Fenoliese Inhoud (TPI) data is ingesamel met behulp van Ultra-Violet/Visible (UV/Vis) spektrofotometrie. Hierdie spektroskopiese tegnieke is gekies omdat dit geskik is vir die implementering in draagbare toestelle en kan dus vir die wynbedryf van nut wees vir die analiese van prosesbeheer. Die spektroskopiese ontledings wat uitgevoer word, is: - Attenuated Total Reflectance Mid-Infrared Spectrometer (ATR-MIR). - Multi-Purpose Analyser (MPA) Transmission Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectrometer (T-FT-NIR). -Matrix-F Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectrometer (DF-FT-NIR). -Raman spektroskopie met 'n sentrale golflengte van 532 nm. -Fluoressensie spektroskopie met emissiespektra tussen 300 nm en 575 nm en eksitasiegolflengtes tussen 300 nm en 575 nm. Partiële minste kwadrate (PLS) regressiemodelle is gebou vir alle analitiese metodes wat ondersoek is en die robuustheid van hierdie modelle is ondersoek met behulp van 'n reeks statistiese parameters. Verdere chemometriese tegnieke, soos masjienleer, is ondersoek vir die data wat verkry is in die fluoressensie spektroskopie. Die voorspellingsmodelle wat gebou is, het aangedui dat die modelle, met die data wat in hierdie navorsing verkry is, nie 'n sterk voorspellingsvermoë gehad het om onmiddellik van nut te wees vir die wynbedryf nie. Ten spyte van hierdie resultate, dit word geglo dat die doel van hierdie navorsing die moeite werd is om verder ondersoek te doen. Die waargenome modelle dui wel resultate aan wat moontlik vir siftingsdoeleindes van nut kan wees. Eksperimentele herontwerp kan die sleutel wees om die potensiaal van hierdie spektroskopiese metodes vir fenoliese kwantifisering te ontsluit. Die herontwerp van die eksperiment sou die aantal veranderlikes wat vermoedelik die resultate veroorsaak het, verminder.
Description
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Phenolic compounds -- Analysis, Chemometrics, Fluorescence spectroscopy, White grape juice -- Aroma and flavour, Aromatic compounds, UCTD
Citation