Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies

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Stellenbosch University has been awarded the responsibility to act as the hub of a Postgraduate Programme in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies by the South African National Energy Research Institute (SANERI), a division of the Central Energy Fund (CEF). The overall objective of this initiative is to develop and enhance national capacity in renewable and sustainable energy in support of accelerated and shared economic growth within the area of sustainable energy. This will be achieved by building the human resource capacity, create and disseminate knowledge, and lastly to stimulate innovation and enterprise in the field of renewable and sustainable energy.

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Browsing Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies by Subject "Biodiesel"

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    Biodiesel analytical development and characterisation.
    (Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) Prah, Ebenezer; Callanan, L. H.; Lorenzen, L.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Process Engineering.
    ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Development of analytical methods to characterise biodiesel has become central to the overall success of the marketing of biodiesel fuel. In this regard, different bodies including the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the European normalization (EN) have come up with various methods to determine important biodiesel parameters such as total glycerol, methanol and the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), etc. Various studies have been conducted on the parameters mentioned above using a variety of instrumentation and sample preparations. The best methods reported are those that have been adopted by both the ASTM and EN standards. The purpose of this study was to develop alternative analytical methods to both the recommended ASTM and EN methods and, in some cases, to make modifications to both standards (ASTM D 6571 and EN 14214) and methods to determine total and bound glycerol, the ester content and also methanol content in biodiesel. Moreover, water washing after transesterification and the effect this practice has on biodiesel cold flow properties such as kinematic viscosity, cloud and pour point and density were evaluated. The possibility of using the iodine value to predict the feedstock source of an unknown biodiesel was also investigated. Six different vegetable oil samples were transesterified with methanol and used for this study. The six samples used were palm, crown, sunflower, waste vegetable oil (wvo), peanut and rapeseed biodiesel. Quantitative results indicated that the use of programmable temperature volatilisation (PTV) for total glycerol did not produce the required repeatability of between 1-4% relative standard deviation(RSD) for total glycerol analyses in biodiesel with precision of 25%, 86%, 25% and 56% for free glycerol (FG), monoglycerides (MG), diglycerides (DG), and triglycerides (TG) respectively. The standard requires a relative standard of between 1-4% As an alternative to the method using gas chromatography, normal phase high performance chromatography (HPLC) with binary gradient elution was used to determine the bound glycerol content. This method proved accurate and repeatable with RSD % of 0.33, 1.12, and 1.2 for TG, DG and MG respectively. Following the EN14103 protocol (European standard ester determination), the Zebron ZBWAX column which is comparable to the specification recommended by EN14103 but afforded the determination of ester content from the esters of myristic acid (C14:0) to behenic acid (C22:0) with reproducibility with RSD % of 6.81, 1.91, 7.27, 0.64, 1.18, 1.55, 6.03, 1.96, and 5.21 for methyl esters of myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidoic, gadoleic and behenic acid respectively. Solid phase micro extraction (SPME) using GC-MS was developed as an alternative to both the EN14110 and ASTM D93 protocols for determining the methanol content in biodiesel. For this method, polyethylene glycol fibre (PEG) was used together with a deuterated methanol internal standard and a DB-FFAP (60m×0.25um×0.25um) column. Less volume of sample was required as compared to the EN14214 method. This method was found to be sensitive, accurate and repeatable with a RSD % of 4.82. The Iodine number of biodiesel decrease compared to their corresponding feed stock and therefore predicting the feed stock of an unknown biodiesel was going to be difficult .Results from this study indicated that it is not possible to predict the feed stock source of an unknown biodiesel from its iodine value. The effect of water washing after phase separation on biodiesel cold flow properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, cloud and pour point depended on the type of biodiesel produced. We observed that water washing after transesterification caused an increase in all the cold flow properties of sunflower biodiesel, whereas only the densities and kinematic viscosities increased in the case of palm and waste vegetable oil biodiesel. The cloud and pour point of the latter two diesel samples remained unchanged after water washing. Thus, the effect of water washing on biodiesel cold flow depended on the type of biodiesel. Blending a highly saturated biodiesel (fewer numbers of double bonds) with a less saturated biodiesel (higher number of double bonds) resulted in an improvement of both the pour and cloud points of the resultant biodiesel blend.
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    A comparative study on the performance of biodiesel in a modern 1.9L turbo diesel engine
    (Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) Kotze, Johan; Van der Spuy, S. J.; Lorenzen, L.
    ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis comprises of the testing and evaluation of a modern diesel engine running on both biodiesel and mineral diesel on the upgraded Bio-fuels Testing Facility (BTF) at Stellenbosch University. The project was motivated by the need to install a modern diesel engine onto the existing BTF test rig for biodiesel testing. In this project, the BTF was re-designed to support a new Volkswagen 1.9L TDI engine. The capabilities of the BTF were then expanded further by the implementation of a low-cost pressure indicating system, utilising an optical pressure transducer. During the testing of biodiesel, it was found that the calorific value of the biodiesel was 14% lower than that of the tested mineral diesel. The ignition quality (cetane index) of the biodiesel was also lower than that of the mineral diesel. Even so, the engine only experienced a maximum power loss of 4.2%. During heat-release analysis, it was determined that there was no significant difference in the combustion process of biodiesel and that of mineral diesel. The conclusion could be made that biodiesel is suitable for use in modern TDI engines. Testing validated the operation of the upgraded test cell, and in trials it was determined that the test results are highly repeatable. The pressure indicating set proved to have some limitations. Only simplified heat-release analyses and reasonable indicated power calculations could be performed with the indicating set. Recommendations were made for improvement in future research.