Browsing by Author "Floyd, S."

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    Renal dysfunction by baseline CD4 cell count in a cohort of adults starting antiretroviral treatment regardless of CD4 count in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 071 [HPTN 071; Population Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy to Reduce HIV Transmission (PopART)] study in South Africa
    (Wiley, 2019) Bock, P.; Nel, K.; Fatti, G.; Sloot, R.; Ford, N.; Voget, J.; Gunst, C.; Grobbelaar, N.; Louis, F.; Floyd, S.; Hayes, R.; Ayles, H.; Beyers, N.; Fidler, S.
    Objectives: Renal dysfunction is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV-positive individuals. This study evaluated renal dysfunction in a cohort of adults who started antiretroviral treatment (ART) regardless of CD4 count at three Department of Health (DOH) clinics included in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 071 (HPTN 071) Population Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy to Reduce HIV Transmission (PopART) trial. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of routine data for HIV-positive individuals starting ART between January 2014 and November 2015 was completed. Incident renal dysfunction was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eEGFR) < 60 mL/min after ART initiation among individuals with a baseline (pre-ART) eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min. Results: Overall, 2423 individuals, with a median baseline CD4 count of 328 cells/μL [interquartile range (IQR) 195–468 cells/μL], were included in the analysis. Forty-seven individuals had a baseline eGFR < 60 mL/min. Among 1634 nonpregnant individuals started on a tenofovir-containing ART regimen and with a baseline eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min, 27 developed an eGFR < 60 mL/min on ART. Regression analysis showed lower odds of baseline eGFR < 60 mL/min at baseline CD4 counts of > 500 cells/μL [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11–0.80], 351–500 cells/μL (aOR 0.22; 95% CI 0.08–0.59) and 201–350 (aOR 0.48; 95% CI: 0.24–0.97) compared with baseline CD4 counts < 200 cells/μL. Conclusions: This study showed low rates of renal dysfunction at baseline and on ART, with lower rates of baseline renal dysfunction among individuals with baseline CD4 counts > 200 cells/μL. Strategies that use baseline characteristics, such as age, to identify individuals at high risk of renal dysfunction on ART for enhanced eGFR monitoring may be effective and should be the subject of future research.
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    Symptom screening rules to identify active pulmonary tuberculosis : findings from the Zambian South African Tuberculosis and HIV/ AIDS Reduction (ZAMSTAR) trial prevalence surveys
    (Public Library of Science, 2017-03-03) Claassens, M. M.; Van Schalkwyk, C.; Floyd, S.; Ayles, H.; Beyers, Nulda
    Background: High tuberculosis (TB) burden countries should consider systematic screening among adults in the general population. We identified symptom screening rules to be used in addition to cough ≥2 weeks, in a context where X-ray screening is not feasible, aiming to increase the sensitivity of screening while achieving a specificity of ≥85%. Methods: We used 2010 Zambia South Africa Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Reduction (ZAMSTAR) survey data: a South African (SA) training dataset, a SA testing dataset for internal validation and a Zambian dataset for external validation. Regression analyses investigated relationships between symptoms or combinations of symptoms and active disease. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for candidate rules. Results: Among all participants, the sensitivity of using only cough ≥2 weeks as a screening rule was less than 25% in both SA and Zambia. The addition of any three of six TB symptoms (cough <2 weeks, night sweats, weight loss, fever, chest pain, shortness of breath), or 2 or more of cough <2 weeks, night sweats, and weight loss, increased the sensitivity to ~38%, while reducing specificity from ~95% to ~85% in SA and ~97% to ~92% in Zambia. Among HIV-negative adults, findings were similar in SA, whereas in Zambia the increase in sensitivity was relatively small (15% to 22%). Conclusion: High TB burden countries should investigate cost-effective strategies for systematic screening: one such strategy could be to use our rule in addition to cough ≥2 weeks.