Browsing by Author "Adetoro, Adegoke Olusesan"

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    Development of value-added dried pomegranate arils and juice powder: Effects of cultivar, harvest maturity and storage duration of whole fruit
    (Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2020-12) Adetoro, Adegoke Olusesan; Fawole, Olaniyi; Opara, Umezuruike Linus; Manley, Marena; Caleb, Oluwafemi; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Horticulture.
    ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa, the increasing rate of pomegranate fruit production, processing and research has witnessed tremendous growth due to consumer interest in its high concentration of bioactive compounds. However, the edible part of the fruit (arils) has a short shelf-life of five to seven days. Agro-processing through drying reduces postharvest losses, improves the shelf-life and increases the storability of the product. Before drying, several pre-treatments, are carried out to preserve the quality attributes of the product, however, little is known about the effects of blanch-assisted drying of pomegranate arils and the prospects of developing high quality pomegranate juice powder (PJP) for formulation and/or fortification to promote product diversification within the agro-processing industry. Therefore, the overall aim of this study was to develop value-added and shelf-stable dried products from pomegranate aril with potential for multiple applications and to provide science-based tools for processing and preservation of the nutritional components. This thesis is divided into seven papers that is organised into four themes. Theme A comprised of the general introduction and comprehensive literature review. Theme B (Papers 1, 2 and 3) investigated dried arils of three pomegranate cultivars (Acco, Herskawitz and Wonderful) for optimum quality attributes. Paper 1 shows that ‘Wonderful’ had 8.1% and 22.4% higher total soluble solids (TSS) than ‘Herskawitz’ and ‘Acco’, respectively. In Paper 2, dried arils of fruit at commercial and late harvest had significantly (p<0.05) higher TSS than at early harvest. Paper 3 studied the effects of cold storage of whole fruit (cv. Wonderful) harvested at commercial maturity. This paper showed that after 12 weeks of cold storage, arils dried in hot-air had better colour retention based on total colour difference, (TCD = 3.02 vs 23.6) and retained 46% higher TSS compared with freeze-dried arils. Theme C provided information on the process optimization of dried arils. In Paper 4, blanched samples of ‘Wonderful’ (7 h) ‘Acco’ (7 h) and ‘Herskawitz’ (8 h), had shorter drying times than unblanched samples (11, 15 and 20 h), respectively. The results from Paper 5 showed that blanching at 90°C, 30s and 100°C, 60s reduced enzyme activity by 76% and 68%, respectively, compared to unblanched samples; this also indicates less browning of blanched arils. Development of value-added juice powder with multiple applications in the food industry and extended shelf-life (Theme D, Paper 6), showed that juice powder made with maltodextrin appeared 44% redder (a*) than with gum arabic. Similarly, total anthocyanin retention was 54% higher in maltodextrin than waxy starch. In Paper 7, results showed that at the end of 12 weeks storage, PJP packed in aluminium foil laminated pouches (AFLP) had lower moisture content (6.1%) and water activity (0.54) than other packaging materials, indicating better storability of PJP packed in AFLP. In conclusion, the quality of dried arils from ‘Wonderful’ at commercial harvest maturity was retained better than other cultivars and harvest maturities. Also, blanching at 90°C, 30s retained the quality of dried arils and was thus recommended as a viable aril pre-treatment condition. Finally, maltodextrin produced PJP had better quality retention compared to gum arabic and waxy starch.
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    Effect of hot-air and freeze-drying on the quality attributes of dried pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) arils during long-term cold storage of whole fruit
    (MDPI, 2020-10-22) Adetoro, Adegoke Olusesan; Opara, Umezuruike Linus; Fawole, Olaniyi Amos
    : This study investigated the effect of hot-air and freeze-drying on the physicochemical, phytochemical and antioxidant capacity of dried pomegranate arils during long-term cold storage (7 ± 0.3 ◦C, with 92 ± 3% relative humidity) of whole fruit over a single experiment. Extracted arils were processed at monthly intervals during 12 weeks of cold storage of whole fruit. After the 12-week storage period, hot-air and freeze-dried arils showed the least (3.02) and highest (23.6) total colour difference (TCD), respectively. Hot-air dried arils also contained 46% more total soluble solids (TSS) than freeze-dried arils. During the storage of pomegranate fruit, total phenolic content (TPC) steadily increased from 20.9 to 23.9 mg GAE/100 mL and total anthocyanin content (TAC) increased from 6.91 to 8.77 mg C3gE /100 mL. Similarly, an increase in TPC and TAC were observed for hot-air (9.3%; 13%) and freeze-dried arils (5%; 5%), respectively. However, the radical scavenging activity (RSA) reduced by 8.5 and 17.4% for hot-air and freeze-dried arils, respectively, after 12 weeks of cold storage. Overall, the parameters such as colour, TPC and TAC as well as the lower degradation in RSA stability during storage showed distinct differences in quality when using the freeze-drying method, which is, therefore, recommended.
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    Mathematical modelling of blanch-assisted drying of pomegranate (Punica granatum) arils in a hot-air drier
    (MDPI, 2020-05-20) Adetoro, Adegoke Olusesan; Tsige, Alemayehu Ambaw; Opara, Umezuruike Linus; Fawole, Olaniyi Amos
    The effect of blanching conditions on the hot-air drying kinetics of three pomegranates (cvs. “Acco”, “Herskawitz” and “Wonderful”) were assessed. Water blanching conditions considered were 90 °C for 30 s, 90 °C for 60 s, 100 °C for 30 s and 100 °C for 60 s. The drying experiments were carried out at 60 °C, 19.6% relative humidity and at a constant air velocity of 1.0 m s−1. The experimental curves were fitted to seven different drying models. For the Acco cultivar, the drying behaviour was best predicted by the Logarithmic and Page model for blanched (R2 ranging between 0.9966 and 0.9989) and unblanched (R2 = 0.9918) samples, respectively. Furthermore, for the Herskawitz cultivar, Logarithm, Page and Midili models were most suitable for predicting drying behaviour of both blanched and unblanched samples. Also, for the Wonderful cultivar, Logarithm and Midili models were most accurate for predicting the drying behaviour for both blanched and unblanched samples amongst other models. The blanched samples dried faster with shorter drying times: “Acco” (7 h), “Herskawitz” (8 h), and “Wonderful” (7 h), compared to the unblanched samples, which dried after 15, 20 and 11 h, respectively. Effective diffusion coefficient of moisture in pomegranate arils ranged from 4.81 × 10−9 and 1.11 × 10−8 m2 s−1 for the Acco cultivar, for the Herskawitz cultivar; 3.29 × 10−9 and 1.01 × 10−8 m2 s−1 and for the Wonderful cultivar; 5.83 × 10−9 and 1.09 × 10−8 m2 s−1. Overall, blanching resulted in low energy consumption during drying of pomegranate arils. In addition, the Logarithmic model generally showed an appropriate model for blanched samples regardless of cultivar. For unblanched samples, the Page model was more appropriate for “Acco” and “Herskawitz”, while the Midili model was appropriate for “Wonderful”. Therefore, this study provided science-based and practical drying conditions for the investigated pomegranate cultivars.