Masters Degrees (Earth Sciences)

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Browsing Masters Degrees (Earth Sciences) by Author "Anthonissen, Christoffel Jasper"

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    The mid-crustal architecture of a continental arc - a transect through the South Central Zone of the Pan-African Damara Belt, Namibia
    (Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) Anthonissen, Christoffel Jasper; Kisters, Alex; Stevens, Gary; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Science. Dept. of Earth Sciences.
    ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The NE-trending South Central Zone of the Pan-African (ca. 550-500) Damara orogen in central Namibia exposes deeply eroded mid-crustal rocks, thought to represent the magmatic arc of the Damara orogen. Above average exposure of outcrop left unmodified by subsequent post-orogenic processes made it possible to study the internal architecture of a ca. 50km traverse, stretching from the continental suture-zone (between the Congo craton in the NW and the underplating Kalahari craton in the SE) at the Okahandja Lineament Zone, well into the leading edge of the Congo craton and into the magmatic-arc, the South Central Zone. This study considers and characterises the change in structural styles and strain intensities in rocks of the Damara Supergroup and intrusions, across the traverse between the towns of Otjimbingwe in the SE and Karibib in the NW. In the SE of the traverse in the Okahandja Lineament Zone, steep, upright, tightly folded D2 fabrics in meta-turbidites of the Tinkas and Kuiseb Formations record bulk NW-SE shortening and steep SW extrusion of rocks. Penetrative non-coaxial fabrics imply a high-angle collsion between the Congo and Kalahari cratons. This is in contrast to oblique collision described by a number of previous authors (e.g. Blaine (1977), Stanistreet et al. (1991), Tack & Bowden, 1999). A marked decrease in D2 strain, and the presence of the silisiclastic basal Nosib group suggests the presence of the underlying basement rocks and thus the leading edge of the Congo craton only a few km NW of the Okahandja lineament. 8km NW of the Okahandja lineament is a km-scale NW verging F1 nappe, cored by basement gneisses and refolded into a series of bi-vergent, doubly-plunging F2 folds, the Audawib fold complex. The nappe is interpreted to have formed along a retroshear during early continental collision (syn-D1, early-D2). Tectonically overprinted basement rocks are indicative of thermal weakening, that resulted in the development of thick-skinned tectonics. Intruded mainly to the NW of and around the aforementioned nappe are the areally extensive syn-D2 Salem-type granites. Salem-type granites are shallowly intruded below the nappe and have likely detached the F1 nappe from its root. NW of the Salem-type granites lies a basement window of ca. 15km2 surrounded by the lower formations of the Damara Supergroup. Sheared marbles and D1 (early D2) diorites along the basement contact indicate a shallow sheared detachment occurring just above the basement. Basement rocks (1) unaffected by Damaran (D1-D2) tectonism and (2) unconformably overlain by the Damara Supergroup are indicative of thin skin tectonics in this part of the South Central Zone, some 30km NW of the Okahandja Lineament zone. Intrusive rocks across the South Central Zone suggest that deformation in the NW ceased by 540 Ma, while deformation along the Okahandja Lineament continued until at least 520 Ma. iii Along the Okahandja lineament, high angle continental collision resulted in tight, co-axial folding and lateral extrusion of rocks along the continental backstop. The introduction of numerous late-D2 granites around the Okahandja Lineament Zone (such as the massive Donkerhuk granite) resulted in thermal weakening of the crust, helping to accommodate lateral extrusion. Thermal weakening of the basement allowed the development of thick-skinned tectonics and the formation of the Audwib nappe. In the NW, cooler, more rigid crust deformed very differently to those in the SE, through shallow shearing, thin skinned tectonics. Diachronous timing of the deformation in rocks in the NW and SE of the traverse is due in part to the rheologic difference between cooler rocks in the NW that had locked up to deformation, much earlier than thermally weakened ones in the SE at the plate collision margin, where tectonic stresses where greater.