Masters Degrees (Anatomy and Histology)

Permanent URI for this collection

https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/3551

Browse

Browsing Masters Degrees (Anatomy and Histology) by browse.metadata.advisor "Keet, Kerri"

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Histochemical properties of the iliocapsularis muscle: implications for hip function.
    (Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2023-03) Mac Dermott, Kerryn-Anne; Keet, Kerri; Kohn, Tertius Abraham; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Dept. of Biomedical Sciences. Anatomy and Histology. Division of Clinical Anatomy.
    ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The iliocapsularis (IC) is a deep skeletal muscle that overlies and attaches to the anteromedial hip joint capsule and is an important anatomical landmark in anterior approaches to hip replacement surgery. Researchers have proposed the IC functions to stabilise the anterior hip joint and limit impingement of the hip capsule, between the femoral head and acetabulum, in hip flexion. However, a conclusive description of the function of the IC is not yet known. This study, therefore, aims to determine the skeletal muscle properties of the IC muscle and to compare these to that of the iliacus (IL) and vastus lateralis (VL). A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 11 recently deceased unembalmed bodies with a mean age of 83 ± 9 years (range 69 - 95 years). Muscle samples, harvested from the IC, IL, and VL, were analysed for muscle fibre type distribution and fibre cross-sectional area (CSA) using fluorescent immunohistochemistry, while relative mitochondrial density was visualised histochemically using the NADH stain. IC had predominantly type I fibres (63 ± 12%), followed by type IIA (32 ± 13%) and IIX (5 ± 3%) fibres. IL comprised of a similar high distribution of type I fibres (61 ± 8%), compared to type IIA (31 ± 7%) and IIX (8 ± 8%) fibres. Conversely, VL had equal amounts of type I (47 ± 12%) and IIA (40 ± 11%) fibres, with lower proportions of type IIX (13 ± 10%) fibres. No difference in fibre type distributions were found between the IC and IL, whereas VL had less type I fibres compared to the IC and IL. The latter two muscles observed higher relative mitochondrial density (darker fibres) and, therefore, oxidative capacity, compared to the VL with a more equal proportion of light and dark stained fibres. The IC had larger (p < 0.0001) type I fibres (3607 ± 1422 μm2) compared to its type IIA (1849 ± 1306 μm2) and IIX (1379 ± 900 μm2) fibres. Similarly, the IL and VL had larger (p < 0.0001) type I fibres (3320 ± 1182 μm2 and 4235 ± 882 μm2, respectively) compared to type IIA (1790 ± 987 μm2 and 2738 ± 1650 μm2, respectively) and IIX (1428 ± 769 μm2 and 2170 ± 1355 μm2, respectively) fibres. No difference in the CSA of fibre types were found when the IC was compared with the IL and VL. However, the VL reported larger CSA compared to IL for type I and IIA fibres. Mean fibre CSA of the IC and IL were similar in size, while the VL had larger fibres. Fibre type distribution and fibre CSA showed no association with age. Therefore, the predominant oxidative type I fibre distribution of the IC may supports its proposed function to stabilise the hip joint and limit impingement of the hip capsule in hip flexion. Therefore, conclusive knowledge of the function of the IC will allow for more informed decisions regarding patient care and rehabilitation following anterior approaches for hip-replacement surgery.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The iliac and femoral vessels: dimensions and tortuosity in a South African sample.
    (Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2023-02-22) Lunn-Collier, Robyn; Keet, Kerri; Baatjes, Karin; Witbooi, Lee-roy; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Dept. of Biomedical Sciences. Anatomy and Histology. Division of Clinical Anatomy.
    ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Arterial morphology varies between individuals and undergoes changes with increasing age. The safety and success of endovascular procedures, performed by accessing and traversing vessel pathways, are influenced by this variable morphology. Research exploring the iliofemoral arterial pathway is limited in South Africa, which may implicate the efficacy of endovascular procedures performed in this country. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the mean length, luminal diameter, and tortuosity severity of the common iliac, external iliac, and common femoral arteries of adult males and females in a South African sample, and to determine the influence of increasing age on this arterial morphology. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 224 computed tomography angiograms, accessed from Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. The sample included 117 adult males and 107 adult females (aged 18-79). The arterial length and lumen diameter of the common iliac, external iliac, and common femoral arteries were measured. Tortuosity severity was assessed by a visual estimation and allocation into a phenotypic category. Furthermore, tortuosity was quantitatively assessed using the tortuosity index and inflection count metric. Regression analysis was used to adjust for estimated body height. The common iliac artery was the widest artery of the iliofemoral pathway, while the external iliac artery was the longest. The morphology of the external iliac artery varied bilaterally and with sex, with males presenting with increased tortuosity, particularly on the right side. The diameter of all arterial segments was larger in males, while the length of these arteries did not differ between the sexes, with the exception of the right external iliac artery being longer in females. The inflection count metric reported the external iliac arteries of males to be more tortuous. Regression analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between arterial tortuosity and increasing age. A tortuosity phenotype was most frequently observed in the external iliac artery. However, a c-shaped curving phenotype of tortuosity was observed in all arteries of interest. The tortuosity severity of the external iliac artery doubled throughout the adult lifetime, with increases in arterial tortuosity and changes in morphology commencing between 40-49 years of age. Severe tortuosity was typically reported in individuals aged 60 years and older. Arterial morphology of the iliofemoral pathway is variable both bilaterally and between the sexes. Furthermore, changes in arterial morphology become significant from 40-49 years of age and are most severe after 60 years of age. Thus, the vasculature of patients within this age range may present with challenging anatomy for endovascular procedures. Comparing the arterial dimensions and tortuosity of this South African sample to international measurements is challenging due to the varying methodologies employed in existing literature. Therefore, the demographic-specific measurements generated in this study serve to contribute to a reference database of expected arterial anatomy in a South African context.