Masters Degrees (Medical Virology)

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Browsing Masters Degrees (Medical Virology) by browse.metadata.advisor "Claassen, Mathilda"

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    Genotyping respiratory viruses in sudden unexpected death in infancy cases (SUDI) at Tygerberg Medico-legal Mortuary
    (Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2023-03) Vanmali, Hameer Deepak; De Beer, Corena; Claassen, Mathilda; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Dept. of Pathology. Division of Medical Virology.
    ENGLISH SUMMARY: Background: Infant mortality remains a major global concern. Sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) is reported globally and accounted for 40% of infant deaths between 2012 and 2016 in the Western Cape. No standardised investigation protocol exists for SUDI cases in South Africa, and research is poorly funded. Previous research highlight the burden of respiratory viruses in infants and SUDI cases, however molecular typing of respiratory viruses in SUDI cases is lacking. Methods: HRV and RSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive trachea and lung swab samples of SUDI cases admitted to Tygerberg Medico-legal Mortuary between 2015 and 2019 were identified and included in this study. The Allplex™ RV Essential Assay was repeated on these samples to confirm that only PCR-positive samples were selected and included in this study. Positive samples underwent automated nucleic acid extraction, one-step, nested RT-PCR, and confirmed for amplification by gel electrophoresis before sequencing. Sequencing results were aligned and underwent phylogenetic analysis. Results: A total of 116 SUDI cases were HRV and/or RSV PCR-positive and included in the study, with a median age of SUDI of 10.9 weeks. More cases were female (53.4%), of African ethnicity (51.7%), and from informal housing (54.3%). Of the infants that were included in this study, 35.4% died during the autumn and winter, compared to summer and spring. According to the information provided by parents or caregivers, most infants bed-shared (94.8%) and when compared to prone and supine positions, most infants were placed to sleep on their side (49.14%) and were found in this position (40.05%). Human rhinovirus (HRV) detected in trachea and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detected in the lung were significantly associated with sex and all four seasons (p<0.05). HRV samples fell within three distinct species , HRV-A (n=28), followed by -C (n=11), and -B (n=4). In total, eight HRV-A (A28, A80, A10, A82, A43, A56, A11, and A63), one -B (B84), and seven -C (C22, C19, C24, C35, C29, C38, and C2) genotypes were identified. Two RSV groups were identified, RSV-A (n=5) and -B (n=5). No RSV-A sequences were assigned as ON1, and two samples were assigned BA9 after amino acid alignment indicating characteristic of 20 amino acid duplication, as well as K218T, L223P, K225I, V251T, D253N, S267P, H287Y, S288L, and E292G substitutions. Conclusion: These study results were comparable to SUDI trends within the East Metropole of Cape Town, as well as globally. Respiratory viruses, especially in combination with sociodemographic and meteorological factors, remain key contributors to SUDI. The phylogenetic analysis describes the first molecular characterisation of respiratory viruses in SUDI cases in Africa. Without prospective sampling the current burden and characterisation of circulating HRV and RSV types and associations with clinical disease severity are unknown.