Doctoral Degrees (Geography and Environmental Studies)

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Browsing Doctoral Degrees (Geography and Environmental Studies) by browse.metadata.advisor "Kemp, Jaco"

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    A multi-scale study of wind erosion susceptibility along the South African Wild Coast
    (Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2024-03) Singh, Rebekah Gereldene; Kemp, Jaco; Botha, Greg; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept of Geography and Environmental Studies.
    ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Wind erosion is a significant driver of land degradation, affecting over a third of all land areas in recent centuries. Accelerated wind erosion in South Africa has caused severe localised land degradation, similar to that observed in parts of the ecologically important Wild Coast region. This erosion-induced degradation has led to localised desertification and poses risks to vulnerable wetland and river ecosystems. In data-sparse regions such as the Wild Coast, identifying highly susceptible areas becomes crucial to mitigate the detrimental effects of accelerated wind erosion. This study aims to determine the spatial distribution of wind erosion features along the Wild Coast, investigate factors influencing their occurrence and growth, and model the area's future susceptibility to wind erosion. Historical aerial photography, Google EarthTM imagery, and multi-temporal mapping spanning an 85-year period were utilised to create a wind erosion inventory map. It revealed an uneven spatial distribution of wind erosion sites, primarily clustered within a 2 km stretch along the coastal study area. These sites were concentrated in specific locations such as Xolobeni, Mkambati, Mngazi River Mouth - Noxova - Mbolompo Point, Wavecrest, and Kei River Mouth. Human activities in wind-exposed areas, such as disturbed agricultural fields, bare patches in grasslands, informal sand mines, and tracks, were identified as the key locations where these features initiated. Over the 85-year period, some erosion features expanded significantly, while others remained relatively stable due to the establishment of peripheral vegetation that acts as wind barriers. Long-term remote sensing analyses focused on the Xolobeni area, a representative subset of the broader Eastern Cape Wild Coast study region, aimed to comprehend the influence of long-term changes in land cover, vegetation status, soil texture, and soil moisture conditions on the occurrence and evolution of wind erosion features. This analysis utilised multi-temporal Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (L5 TM) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery covering the period from 1987 to 2020, in conjunction with available topographical data from 1982, 1993, and 2004. The application of the Random Forest classifier successfully mapped land cover for the years 1987, 1991, 1999, 2004, 2010, 2015, and 2020, achieving overall accuracies exceeding 80.00% and Kappa indices surpassing 0.77 for each of these seven years. A primary finding of the land cover change assessment reveals the susceptibility of degraded grasslands to wind erosion and noted a rapid expansion of wind erosion features between 1987 and 1999, followed by a subsequent period of stability. The analysis of computed time-series Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Topsoil Grain Size Index (TGSI), and Normalised Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) data revealed that regions impacted by wind erosion consistently exhibited lower NDVI values, indicating reduced vegetation cover conditions, reaffirming the influence of vegetation on wind erosion development. Higher TGSI values denoted areas associated with higher wind erosion susceptibility and emphasised the significance of sandy soils with reduced clay content in erosion vulnerability. Lower NDMI values associated with affected regions highlighted that drier soil conditions promote wind erosion processes. The multi-temporal analyses of topographical data revealed that abandoned cultivated lands and zones with high track density were prone to erosion, highlighting a connection between human activities and wind erosion susceptibility in the study region. General concepts of the Wind Erosion Equation were adopted in this study to map the regional wind erosion susceptibility conditions. Two regional susceptibility methods were implemented and compared. Model 1 employed a geostatistical approach, based on erosion factor class frequency ratio data and Analytical Hierarchy Process importance weights. Model 2 utilised the data-driven Weights of Evidence modeling technique. Model 1 classified large areas of the study area as having low susceptibility (46%), while Model 2 classified more than 90% of the areas as very low susceptible zones. Both models show that less than 4% of the study region has a high to very high susceptibility to wind erosion. In general, areas associated with higher wind erosion susceptibility are poorly vegetated, wind-exposed coastal zones characterised by unconsolidated, erodible sandy soils. Model 1 and Model 2 are associated with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.987 and 0.946, respectively, displaying satisfactory average performances. Recommendations for combating wind erosion along the ecologically sensitive Wild Coast include avoiding wind-aligned trackways, protecting existing vegetation, minimising bare soil patches in vulnerable areas, and establishing indigenous vegetation barriers. Utilisation of the developed wind erosion inventory and susceptibility maps will aid stakeholders in developing targeted conservation strategies required to shield vulnerable regions from further degradation.
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    Urban governance and spatial planning for sustainable urban development in Tamale, Ghana
    (Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2016-03) Fuseini, Issahaka; Kemp, Jaco; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies.
    ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated urban governance and spatial planning practices for sustainable urban development in Tamale, Ghana, regarding provision and access to urban infrastructure and basic services. This broad aim of the study was divided into three objectives, namely to 1) review of the statutory provisions for the conduct of urban governance and spatial planning in Ghana and Tamale, 2) assess the spatio-temporal growth dynamics and provision of urban infrastructure and basic services in Tamale, and 3) to explore stakeholder engagement in spatial planning in the city. Research questions that guided the study were: a) what is the extent of the physical expansion of Tamale and how does urban governance respond to the growth dynamics regarding infrastructure and service provision?, b) to what extent does the spatial growth patterns of the city reflect local and national development aspirations, c) what national and local statutory frameworks guide the practice of urban governance and spatial planning, d) what are the modes of stakeholder engagement in urban governance and spatial planning and who are the stakeholders, and e) is the city’s urban governance inclusive and amenable to decentralisation, entrepreneurialism and democratisation (DED) principles? The DED analytical framework and collaborative planning theoretical perspective were adopted to analyse urban governance practices and outcomes in Tamale. Four evaluative questions were addressed using the DED and collaborative planning frameworks, namely how urban governance is lived in Tamale, whether urban governance leads to job creation, and for whom, whether urban governance results in improved urban services and whether urban governance empowers people at the grass roots and promotes accountable governance. A mixed methods research design was employed in the study. This comprised of quantitative analysis of the city’s spatial growth using remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques, and qualitative investigation of urban governance processes and outcomes. The results show that the legislative provisions guiding urban governance in Ghana have not been effective in promoting sustainable urban development leading to the country transitioning towards spatial development frameworks (SDFs) as alternative approaches. Also, both the city’s spatial and demographic growth has been phenomenal, but access to urban infrastructure and services has lagged behind. Moreover, there was limited stakeholder engagement in urban governance and that resulted in low accountability. In terms of the DED and collaborative planning frameworks, there were generally no straightforward answers to the evaluative questions, except with respect to the question of accountability, which was almost non-existent in the urban governance practices of Tamale. The study concludes by lauding efforts to reform urban governance laws and initiatives to engender participatory and partnership-based urban governance and service delivery in the city. It is recommended that these reforms should be encouraged and operationalised within real decentralisation, entrepreneurialism and democratisation. Comprehensive needs assessment, institutional and stakeholder capacity-building efforts, and empathic stakeholder engagements will be crucial in this regard, especially if social justice, economic viability, and environmental health and sustainability are considered in the management of the city’s urban growth. Further research is recommended to provide detailed understanding of urban governance outcomes in Tamale, such as the magnitude of job creation, distribution and sustainability.